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The global transition toward renewable energy has become one of the most significant economic and environmental transformations of the twenty-first century. Driven by climate change mitigation goals, energy security concerns, technological innovation, and international sustainability commitments, emerging economies are increasingly investing in renewable energy systems such as solar, wind, hydropower, biomass, and geothermal energy. However, the economic implications of this transition are complex, involving struc...

Green finance has become a central instrument in the global transition toward sustainable economic growth, addressing the urgent need to align financial systems with environmental sustainability, climate resilience, and long-term development goals. As economies face increasing pressures from climate change, resource depletion, environmental degradation, and social inequality, traditional financial models are being re-evaluated to incorporate environmental, social, and governance (ESG) principles. Green finance inc...