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Anthropogenic activities involve extracting the transformation and use of natural resources. During the process of extraction of useful mineral substances on the surface or underground, particles or gases appear in the working environment resulting from the removal or natural release from the rock mass. The process of transformation of useful mineral substances is carried out on the surface in closed enclosures, and involves the use of complex technological processes. During these technological processes, gases, m...

One of the most complex structural transformation processes currently unfolding in Europe is the phase-out of coal mining and coal-fired power generation. This transition is embedded within the broader framework of international and European climate commitments and the ongoing energy transition, particularly under the environmental policies promoted by the European Union and the European Green Deal. The process entails profound economic, social, technical, and geopolitical implications, especially for single-indus...