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Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) (predominantly GPS carrier phase-based positioning) are used today more and more in various areas of geodesy and surveying. In order to determine the position of a large number of points as quickly as possible, GPS RTK (Real Time Kinematic) surveying method is the most productive one because the coordinates are obtained in real time directly in the field and involve occupying points for a short period of time. Because point positions with high precision are immediately kn...

It was successfully completed the first stage of the development of a multi-functional network of permanent GPS base stations in Bulgaria. The network receives and monitors the satellite signals from both the American network GPS and the Russian network GLONASS. The developed network allows the user to operate in real time as well as in post processing mode contributing significantly for the improvement of the measurement accuracy of the used GPS/GLONASS receiver. The system enjoys a widely spread application in f...

In the upper part of the EarthВґs atmosphere, the ionosphere, the free-electron and ion density is high enough to influence the propagation of electromagnetic waves. The ionosphere is a dispersive medium for the observables of all space geodetic techniques operating in the microwave band and disturbs both, their group and phase velocity. The effect is in first approximation proportional to the so-called Slant Total Electron Content (STEC) along the ray path and can be corrected if the measurements are carried out ...

Chadormalu Mining and Industrial Company (CMMIC) is mining Chadormalu Iron Ore deposit in Yazd province, central Iran by using conventional open pit mining method. The final pit will be excavated to a depth of approximately 225m with a bottom elevation of 1300m above mean sea level. According to the initial design, the inter-ramp slope angle of 55В° with a 30m bench height, a catch bench width of 10m and 70В° slope angle of individual benches were proposed. Mining to date has intersected complex geology and areas ...

The Saghez shear zone is part of metamorphic belt of the Sanandaj-Sirjan zone in northwest Iran that uplifted during continental collision between the Afro-Arabian continent and the Iranian microcontinent. The mine is being exploited by open-pits mining, with present reserves estimated at 3.2gr/t gold. The currently favored genetic model is an example of porphyry system, with mineralization being closely to shear bands and emplacement of granit and pegmatitic veins. Rocks from Sagez shear zone consist of metavolca...

GPS technology in geodesy is using for positioning of the geodetic points and the points from geodetic surveying in global coordinate system WGS84. In the Republic of Macedonia, as in the other countries of the south eastern Europe, were established GPS networks of the first range, but without increasing its density. If we have a fact that there are not astronomic-geodetic and gravimetrical measurements with the aim to define the local geoids more accuracy, it is clearly that can not be done massif and precise GPS...

The peculiarity of mass transfer in such environment is that motion between the outer surface of the blocks and their inside develops in time creating delay in the response of the blocks to pressure changes in fractures surrounding them. Analysis of these processes on mathematical models has determined that at a certain combination of the flow kinetic parameters a differentiation of pressure distribution in blocks and large fractures occurred. As a result, in filtering of poorly compressible fluids a pressure disi...

The main principles and methods of interactive education are discussed. The requirements to this approach of educational process are formulated. The differences between practical training and learning process are discussed. Based on these principles there are shown the examples for deductive education on processing stages in digital image processing and digital photogrammetry. Main attention is pointed to the initial data collection for purposes of inner orientation, image calibration and relative orientation of s...

In the region of Botanical Garden, BAS, Sofia, gravimetry measurements for research of the landslide processes with static gravimeter LaCoste \& Romberg G1059 are made in two epochs - 2003 and 2005. In the present paper the method of measuring, processing and analysis of the results is presented. Digital models of Bouguer anomaly, direction of gradient on Bouguer anomaly and 3D presentation of surfaces of Bouguer anomaly between two epochs are made. Conclusions about the landslide state are drawn on the basis of t...

Surface faulting and distribution of surface deformation caused by the Chirpan (M6.8) and Plovdiv (M7.0) earthquakes that occurred on 14 and 18 April 1928, respectively, were used with the scope to determine the distribution of slip and confirm the fault geometry. We assumed smooth fault geometry, based on previous studies, and a standard dislocation model. The faulting zone comprises several fault segments with different slip on each of them. For structurally complex areas like our study area the best model may b...

Each of the spatial methods provides data in a different and a unique way for the three main geodetic directions: geometry of the Earth – coordinates of points and deformation; orientation and rotation of the Earth; gravity field as well as its variations. One of these methods, which is the most accurate and hopeful nowadays, is the Very Long Baseline Interferometry. In this paper it is gone into the technique of VLBI and its applications, mainly in geodesy and geodynamics. It is made an analysis of the motion o...

The cartographical projections are the representations of the terrestrial surface on different projection plans that can bew cylinder and con. The important problem for representing these projections is to reduce the characteristic deformations of each projections. The problem that is analyzed refers to an assessment of the points transpositions from a sphere surface on a plane in conditions of maximum efficiency.

Criteria for assessment of geodetic networks, measurements and digital territory models are discussed in the paper. Methods for accuracy verification and actuality verification of planned geodetic networks with local use, cadastral plans and maps situation and their digital models are shown with examples. Technology for geodetic networks and measurements accuracy assessment is offered.

The subjects of deformation monitoring are either natural objects such as ground deformation due to mining exploitation, withdrawal of oil or underground water, active tectonic plate boundaries, glacier movements etc., or the man-made objects such as dams, bridges, tunnels and other complex engineering structures. The results of deformation monitoring are directly relevant to the safety of human life and environment protection. The bridges are very important subjects in the field of infrastructure management. Stab...

The basic geodesic activities in the preparation of the Project “Reconstruction and Electrification of the Railway Line Plovdiv – Svilengrad – Greek/Turkish Border” have been described. The problems in the development of the working geodesic base, creation of a three-dimensional model, cadastral map, and the detailed structural layouts of the territory in question have been discussed. Specific attention has been paid to the procedures in changing the purpose of the agricultural and forestry territories and...

Existing conditions, aims and tasks of investigation and geodetic methods is described. Obtained displacements for the period 1966-2004 are analyzed. Corresponding conclusions are drawn.

In this paper it is presented the basically geodetic methods for defining and following of land movements and land slide. The classic geodetic method anticipates defining of horizontal and vertical deformation in some points buried in the body of land slide. The deformation is defining with precision angular and linear measurements and with precision leveling from stabile points of primary geodetic nets (the microtrigonometric and the level net). The terrestrial photogrametry is used in the defining deformation of...

Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) is a method to evaluate the risk where there is the potential for landslides. Therefore, many terrain factors affecting the landslides have been exposed firstly. The factors contributing to the hazard in an area can usually be identified, results of the investigations frequently being presented as a landslide hazard zonation map indicating zones of similar risk of the occurrence of a landslide. North railway track is one of the areas susceptible to landslides in Iran, consist of sev...

Landslides have a large quantity of the natural disasters world-wide, this trend will increase in the future due to increased urbanization and development. The creation of maps of susceptibility, danger and risk is very important for engineering geologists, geomorphologists and city planners. Although several techniques are available for landslide risk investigation, reliable susceptibility mapping of landslides is very difficult due to their complex nature. Techniques for susceptibility mapping such as; determini...

A review and analysis of the different methods used for processing of geodetic data, depending on the applications is made. Here is considered Least - squares estimation method, dispersion analysis, spectral analysis, and filtering and is made an analysis of their effectiveness in using for different geodetic problems (applications). We made suggestions for methods using in common processing of different types of data.

In this work in terms of the ideas of the zone of inelastic deformations generated around stress concentrators in heterogeneous rock mass as a quasi-plastic block medium having a microstructure, rigorous criteria of rock mass stability are obtained that naturally take into account mining-geological and geomechanical conditions. Theoretical ideas added to the problems of underground structure stability permitted to provide an explanation for paradoxical, in the view of classical representations, numerous cases of m...

A modification of the conventional adjustment model is proposed. Like this, the velocity of the drift is introduced as an additional unknown quantity. An argument about the priorities of the suggested approach, in comparison with the used at present methods for gravimetric measurements processing is done. The possibilities which the new adjustment model provide for an optimization of the whole measurements program in a gravimetric network are analyzed.

Mass-produced digital photographic cameras are not designed for measurement purposes. Their resolution, measured in degrees is 1-2’ and is one step behind photogrammetric cameras. The main purposes of photogrammetric processing of amateur digital photographs are determination of the elements of internal orientation and uncovering the deformation of the acquired images. Three different ways of determination the elements of internal orientation are analyzed. The theoretical aspects of the mathematical methods for ...

This paper presents the results of an assessment of the earthquake hazard for the Qom province, based on seismotectonic conditions, regional earthquake data and seismicity analyses. The active faults and potential seismic sources of the region are identified and illustrated in a seismotectonic map. A model of earthquake sources has been prepared. The appropriate acceleration attenuation laws are selected and earthquake hazard analysis has been done for the province using an analysis point interval scale of 0.1*0.1...

At present one has quite a good knowledge of lithospheric plate movement that occurs along such large living fractures as San Andreas in California, North Anatolian in Turkey and others. At the rest of the earth’s territory rock mass for the most part seem to be a static and motionless medium. However, as investigations show, even at small rock mass areas deformation processes of different period and amplitude take place. Such processes that occur in the earth’s crust are connected with a serious risk for obje...

Development of the engineering infrastructure pays a bigger attention on the utilizing of new construction fields. Significant risks are concealed in the construction of the buildings, structures, roads and railroads on the grounds, which had not been an object of the engineering and geological researches. It is possible to arise disadvantageous effects for the construction. Karst fields in Bulgaria hide many potential dangers if engineering and geological researches are insufficient. The object of the present wor...

It was considered the physical bases of tides. The accent is on the influence of tides over gravimetric measurements. It was accent on the Moon too as a basic planet made tides. It was shown an entire and complete technology for computation of tidal correction and it is applied for real gravimetric measurements. Here was made analysis and conclusions with practical purpose.

The ionosphere is the upper part of the Earth atmosphere, starting at an altitude of about 50 km. It consists of free electrons and ions, mainly generated through solar radiation. GPS observations are delayed within the ionosphere, since it is a dispersive medium for electromagnetic waves. The range error caused by the ionosphere at the GPS operation frequency L1 can reach a few tens of meters. This effect is as a first approximation proportional to the so-called Slant Total Electron Content (STEC) along the ray p...

In article the opportunity of construction by a precision survey polygons necessary for mutual positioning of underground mining with a margin error within the limits of 100 mm is considered. Offered decisions of this problem include optimum accommodation of points of range on a contour of mining, application of a strict way of equalizing of a polygon and gyroscopic orientation of the sides of a traverse by modern devices.