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Geoid is an equipotential surface of EarthпїЅs gravity field, which partially coincides with the mean sea level and extended inside continents. In the gravimetric geoid determination; global geopotential models (GGMs), digital elevation models and terrestrial gravity observations are combined in a proposed technique (e.g. Remove-Compute-Restore). The external Earth's gravity field is represented by a GGM that consists of the globally and homogeneously distributed terrestrial and satellite gravity measurements. Cur...

The purpose of this paper is the time tracking behaviour of hydrotechnical structures by establishing basic displacements to basic slice and previous vertical slice, processing these measurements and draw conclusions on the behaviour of the analyzed works. As a case study was elected the Vidraru dam located in Arges County, being one of the most important dams in Romania. The Vidraru dam, built on the Arges River, is an "arch" dam with double curvature, being the highest concrete dam in Romania. The storage lake f...

This paper has been written in conjunction with a public contract for the restoration of the partially lost and destroyed building documentation of the Church of the Assumption of the Virgin Mary at Hlu?пїЅn-Darkovi?ky in the territory of the Czech Republic, the contracting authority of which was the Roman Catholic Church. The requirement was the complete provision of measurement in the field and the collection of data, their subsequent processing and the interpretation of the results with the subsequent developme...

Free geodetic networks are networks of points which absolute coordinates are not known, but only their relative position in relation to each other. This network is invariant to translation and rotation, and possibly a change in the scale. Degrees of freedom of this type of network cause singularity of the normal equations coefficient matrix N, therefore the use of general inverse is required, and the most commonly used is Moore-Penrose inverse or pseudoinverse. This paper presents available commercial software whi...

The paper presents deformation of the housing and shaft reinforcement surveyed within the telemetry deformation monitoring system. Research was taken in the Salt Mine Wieliczka Museum, one of the most popular monuments in Poland, placed in 1978 on the original UNESCO list of the World Heritage Sites. Water leaking into Ko?ciuszko shaft posed a serious threat to museum and forced authorities to seal the housing with Jet-grouting method. Due to boreholes which were designed very close to the shaft, the material inje...

The nature of the soilпїЅs foundation bears a major influence on the time behavior of a building. Geotechnical studies are chosen based on the appropriate constructive methods for the terrain situation. There are however, cases where, even if the constructive solutions are adopted accordingly with the conclusions of prior studies, due to an inadequate approach in the achieving process of these studies, there are deformations that occur in the structure of the constructions, that affect their exploitation process o...

The scope of benefits of land consolidation is wide пїЅ there can be indicated spatial, agricultural, socio-economic, landscape and environmental effects of the process. As a result of the process there can be noticed significant structural changes in rural areas. Land consolidation process enables to improve the inadequate spatial structure of farms, remove the adverse effects of land fragmentation and improve agricultural productivity. The assessment of the land fragmentation reduction requires reliable measurem...

This work presents improvement of land subsidence monitoring obtained by combining results of Sentinel-1A and Sentinel-1B data processing. In presented work DInSAR (Differential Interferometry SAR) technique was used. Results of DInSAR technique provide information about values of vertical deformation of the surface. Using this technique the areas endangered by subsidence phenomenon can be identified and appropriate steps in order to save the infrastructure, buildings, roads, and also human life can be taken. The ...

Dynamic social development results in growing demands for sustainable human activities. Implementation of the sustainable development ideas should be also applied in designing and development of commercial sites. The sustainable construction industry should improve the quality of operations performed by users of such facilities. It should also influence the level of satisfaction of their users and generate benefits for them and for the local society within the area where such facilities have been located. The pape...

The main problem in applying existing geomechanical software suits is the fact that the process of developing the starting geological and structural model of a deposit is extremely complex, which is due to lack of automation in collecting separate data on initial geological and geomechanical conditions. The purpose of this research is to develop a software suite for detecting zones potentially prone to rock bursts. The research methodology includes analyzing causes of mine destruction and identifying the most infl...

The theme of this project is the presentation of a model of drawing for civilian surface buildings, in order to start a series of major projects.The piece of land subjected to topographical measurements is situated in the western part of the extended urban area of Timisoara, Timis County. The beneficiary of this project is a multinational corporation situated in the city of Timisoara. As placement is concerned, the piece of land is situated in a rural area, close to the city.This work focuses on the study of topog...

This work was interdisciplinary, so the data provided by the measurements went into the Central Park rehabilitation project, providing graphical support for architects, structural engineers, plant engineers, specialists in landscaping. Baile Herculane is a famous Romanian resort which is located in the south - eastern county of Caras Severin, along the tectonic corridor Cerna Valley, which separates the Mehedinti Mountains from the Cerna-Godeanu Mountains. The Central Park related land is owned by the City Council...

Information in the public real estate management is very important. This affects, among others, rational decision-making. Lack of sufficient information may cause that the decisions that have been already taken will be considered as deficient. The scope of required information depends mainly on the stage of the process of real estate management and its purpose. Management processes are entwined with the geodetic service of real estate management. Therefore, there is always a change of information about the land in...

Currently in many countries developments of simple 3D building models in cadastre are usually based on information concerning building outlines from a digital cadastral maps and on the number and the average height of floors registered in cadastre (so called пїЅ пїЅ3D Model General FloorпїЅ). If it is possible architectural projections of buildings and premises are used for development of such 3D models. In this variant so called пїЅ3D Model By FloorsпїЅ пїЅ created model must be connected with the state coordinat...

In this paper the properties of level surface of potential of gravity arising in the generalized problem of two centers are investigated. Interest in this research is related to the desire to use the opportunity of an analytical approximation of the EarthпїЅs potential through the potential arising when solving the generalized problem of two centers (intermediate EarthпїЅs potential) to modeling the Earth's surface. Further, for a such approximation the level surface of potential of gravity arising in the generali...

Importance of cadastral maps in today's society cannot be doubted. Maps are a key component of cadastral documentation пїЅ they provide geometric and positional determination of the property and are the basis for reconstruction пїЅ setting-out of a lot boundary. They increase the trustworthiness of cadastral data. The fact that cadastral maps are in vector form, does not guarantee their accuracy and quality. The user must be extremely cautious when a digital image of the map is interpreted. Article is knowledge ba...

Ensuring shaftпїЅs safe operation is the primary aim of measurements and observations performed in mining shafts. This involves not only determining the current technical condition of the mining shaft, but also determining causes of observed changes. In Poland, in order to preserve the efficiency of every shafts several inventory works have been performed, described in details in Ordinance. Observations пїЅ including visual assessment and metric measurements пїЅ are performed within a specified time interval. So t...

Mapping of appearance and geometry of complicated industrial objects is a complex problem which requires that properly planned and prepared surveys are performed. Usually, detailed inventory must be performed for industrial objects. However, their complicated structure and difficult access to their entre surfaces result in limited visibility of the object. In this paper the commercially available CAD programmes (Kubit PointSense, LupoScan Pro, Autocad 2016 Geomagic Studio) are discussed; they enable the 3D modelli...

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs) - the, so-called, drones, are changing the way of work of many professionals. Drones are characterised by small dimensions, relatively low prices, simple navigation and the wide possible applications; this results in growing interests in their use. In the process of real estate validation a real estate expert is obliged to perform the site inspection and to analyse a real estate with respect to its surroundings and to prepare a report of those operations. It should be assumed that t...

The paper presents made for Salt Mine пїЅWieliczkaпїЅ: <System of video monitoring of the housing and shaft reinforcement condition during sealing the rock mass around the mine shaft "Kosciuszko">. It was used during the monitoring of sealing the rock around the mine shaft "Kosciuszko", and now serves for periodic visual inspection. Due to the fact that ongoing work injection may lead to deformation of the shaft lining and reinforcement the system that allowed real-time monitoring of the shaft was built. The proce...

With the advance of mining to greater depths, the fully protecting safety pillar of shafts is progressively diminishing. Thus a certain part of the mineshaft and of the protected area on the surface is influenced by undermining. In such a case, it is necessary to assess the expected effect of mining on the mineshaft and the surface objects in relation to the preservation of their stability. Subsequently, it is necessary to carry out direct measurements of movements, and, if the case may be, deformations both in th...

The aim to the research was to compare or thometric heights, de termined by real-time kinematic (RTK) Global Positioning System observations and local geoid models in Adana city, Turkey. GPS network had been established according to Large Scale Map and Map Information Production Regulations (LSM&MIPR) in Adana metropolitan city at 2008. In study field total area is 663.05 km2 451 stations which are 2 items Turkish National Fundamental GPS Network (TUTGA ) points, 6 stations graded by C1, 35 stations graded by C2 a...

The calibration baseline of the Faculty of Geode sy, University of Zagreb, is the longest calibration baseline in the world numbering altogether 25 pillars. It was built in 1982 for the purpose of testing and calibrating the electro-optical distance meters, and today even GNSS instruments can be tested there. Th is calibration baseline provided a mutual standard scale for the calibration of instruments at the distance up to 3100 m in the Republic of Croatia and wider region. In this paper the determination of coor...

This paper discusses the practical implementation of terrestrial laser scanning for ovalisation measurements of newly built concrete railway tunnels. Also an accuracy assessment is performed and then an overview of the measured deviations is given. This research is based on the ovalisation m onitoring of concrete railway tunnels for the first projects of this kind in Belgium. Thes e tunnels are measured with laser scanning during the first three months after construc tion. For all measurements, the concrete surfac...

For the analysis of various geological featur es can be derived from minimal anomalies caused by mass distributions, we present an ex tensive geophysical re cords. It is quite clear that at this stage; on ly a comprehensive analysis of data submitted by the various branches of geology can advance our knowle dge on geological structure and causes for it. Classical correlation between gravity anomalies of sedimentary basins of major minimum and is the most common significant abnormalities that may be of this type.

The Republic of Croatia, as any other country in the world that has been faced with the war consequences is burdened with one of the most difficult consequences – mine contamination. Therefore the most sophisticated Mine Information System (MIS) has been established in the Croatian Mine Action Centre (CROMAC). Mine Information System of the Croatian Mine Action Centre applied in the system of anti-mine activity in the Republic of Croatia. Geodetic measurements of searched and demined areas is one of the actions ...

Tunnel ’’St. Ilija’’ is on the road that connects the Makarska Riviera and a new highway through the mountain range Biokovo (Figure 1). With a length of 4250 m, it is currently fourth road tunnel in Croatia, but also the tunnel with greatest overburden of 1300 m. According to the available information this is a road tunnel with the biggest limestone overburden in Europe, and as such it represented a real challenge for all who participated in its construction. This article describes the geodetic works that ...

The test network of geodetic base is located at the territory of the park Jelenovac in Zagreb. The test area is rather unstable and suspected of ground subsidence. The geodetic base has therefore been renewed and established for the purpose of monitoring and analysing vertical movements of the geodetic control network. The state of the existing geodetic control points has been recorded and damaged points have been renewed, and destroyed points stabilized anew. The stabilization of points has been made on concrete ...

The Act on protection and conservation of cultural goods has been in force in the Republic of Croatia since 1999. It defines types of cultural goods and measures for their protection and conservation. The main authority for protection and conservation of cultural goods is the Ministry of Culture. This paper will describe geodetic works on saving a protected cultural monument. Results of the analysis of movement measurements over a longer time period will give insight into the real conditions and enable experts to ...

Since the geodetic control points are the base for all surveying tasks, the quality of these tasks will directly depend of the quality of geodetic control. The main two elements of geodetic network quality (accuracy) are its precision and reliability. There are different precision and reliability measures for the geodetic control. The positioning precision, as one of the most important component of geodetic network quality, has been expressed in various ways depending on the positioning method. The standards have ...

The general purpose of seismic acquisition is to give the research-worker knowledge about the various strata beneath the earth’s surface. The seismic exploration is based on the recording of reflected seismic waves generated from vibrators and deployed directly onto the ground via hydromechanic pads, mounted for the vibrators. The vibrator vibrates through predetermined points, known as “source” points. The registration of the reflected waves is commited also at predetermined positions, known as “receiverв...

The application of precise geodetic measurements in industrial surveying is very important in defining the axes or planes in which individual parts of equipment are installed in the process of their assembling. Apart from that, it is necessary to control the whole or some parts of equipment after assembling and putting it into operation for the purpose of obtaining high quality operational procedure. This paper describes the procedure of applying precise geodetic measurements and measuring data processing on speci...

The “Pecine” Tunnel is located on the Croatian national road D404 which connects the centre of city Rijeka and Su\vsak port with the Rijeka Bypass. Because of many specificities, namely, three-lane and four-lane sections, two connections, tunnel’s location near the residential area and railway, it was required special approach to its construction. In this paper geodetic procedure and the results of stake out supervising of some tunnel elements, cross profile surveying, as well as verification and adjustment ...

The calibration of the geodetic apparatus is nowadays viewed as common. It is recommended to test it as soon as the new apparatus has been purchased, as it is necessary to find out whether the apparatus meets the parameters declared by the manufacturer. It is also necessary to test it at regular intervals (during the period of two or three years), after it has been repaired, or if any deviation has been found during the process of surveying. The testing of geodetics apparatus are preceded in such a way they corres...

One of the major concerns in all underground mine excavations is the stability of the stopes, the empty spaces which are created throughout the excavation process. Typically, the mining engineer supports or reinforces the stopes when needed, by means of rockbolts, wire meshes and steel sets. At the same time, a monitoring system based on geotechnical or geodetic measurements can provide against tiny displacements of control targets. This paper presents the application of artificial intelligence techniques, namely,...

A specific application of the Method of the finite elements is proposed. The approach is based on the theory about the rheological segmentation of the Earth crust. Different practical various of the proposed method are considered

Modern technology in the production of geodetic instruments and accessories needed for measuring basic quantities (distance and angle) has reached high level. In the filed of geometric levelling, colour layers are put on invar tapes very precisely with measuring uncertainty of 10–50 $\mu$m. These tapes present working scale on invar levelling staves. Using modern precise level (optical of digital) one can read the smallest detail on invar levelling staff with measuring uncertainty of 0.01 mm. Hence, it is obviou...

Rockfalls are natural process of cliff and hillside erosion, can be simulated by the computer programs. They consist of large rock fragments from a cliff, or boulders from a slope that bounce, roll, and slide down a hillside and come to rest in a “runout” zone at or near its base. Rockfalls are a major hazard in rock cuts for highways and railways, and in mountainous terrain. Rockfalls are generally initiated by some climatic or biological event that causes a change in the forces acting on a rock. These events...

Interferometric analysis of Synthetic Aperture Radar (InSAR) on the Advanced Land Observation Satellite (ALOS PALSAR) shows the spatial pattern of the deformation associated with the magnitude 6.8 Niigataken Chuetsu-oki Earthquake of 26th July, 2007. It reveals not only the large deformation near the source area of the earthquake, but also the local zonal uplift area with 1.5km-wide and 15km-long band along the anticline axis of active fold, on Nishiyama Hill at 15km east of the earthquake epicenter. We consider i...

GPS RTK method has never achieved millimetre vertical accuracy. For the most common geodetic tasks such as surveying, staking out and monitoring, GPS RTK method in many cases has been limited by its measuring accuracy. Before the appearance of the new Topcon Lazer ZoneTM technology, we were able to achieve centimetre vertical accuracy (from 1 to 3 centimetre) using GPS RTK systems. Combining Topcon Lazer ZoneTM technology and Topcon GPS RTK HiPer Pro system accuracy of height determination can be increased to a mi...

Tunnels are the objects of road infrastructure which construction requires very complex, demanding, and responsible geodetic tasks. In the tunnelling, at first it is necessary to establish high quality geodetic control that serves as the base for the transfer of the planned tunnel axis in horizontal and vertical directions, as well as the base for all geodetic measurements realised before, during and after tunnel construction. The basic quantity for the planning the completely measuring concept in the tunnelling i...

Building a tunnel is a very expensive construction task, especially when cutting a tunnel in inconvenient geological conditions. The tunnel building is made drastically more expensive by badly executed works on the cutting itself, i.e. the excavation, and it happens when the areas of excavation cross-sections differ from the areas of designed profiles. It is therefore very important to monitor, apart from the direction of tunnel cutting in terms of position and height, also the areas of cross sections of the excav...

Since 2000 in Bulgaria have been installed and put into operation two DGPS beacons. Preliminary site selection and equipment delivery procedures for a new station of the same type have been started recently. Each of the two existing and one planned stations serve specific activities: marine and inland water way navigation and exploration, land navigation, positioning, targeting, etc. Though built with different purposes and missing a common network concept, these stations provide differential correction coverage o...

Multivariate statistics analysis is one of the base stages in geochemical data processing. In this branch of mathematics, “Hierarchical Clustering Analysis” applied to identify the relations between the variables such as elements and samples. Hence, different types of mineralization would define. However, any missing or errors in entrance the data make a wrong or not clear result. Sometimes misinformation or data errors appear because of analytical errors, missing some information, or problems in sam pling or ...

This case study presented herein describes and analyses the results of the detailed surveys of landslides caused by toe erosion in Avutmus district of Sebinkarahisar (Giresun-Turkey), based on field and laboratory measurements, monitoring and remote sensing data of the study area. Sebinkarahisar has been recognized as a landslide-prone area. Landslides in this area caused several hazards in the houses and farming areas. In view of landslide re-occurrence potential in this area and its close environ, understanding ...

This case study presented herein describes physically based susceptibility mapping in AvutmuЕџ-Sebinkarahisar (Giresun-Turkey) and its vicinity using the SINMAP model. Sebinkarahisar has been recognized as a landslide-prone area. Landslides in this area caused several hazards in the houses and farming areas. In view of landslide re-occurrence potential in this area and its close environ, understanding of the failure mechanism is highly crucial. In order to predict the future landslides in the area and its vicinity...

This study was aimed to determine the levels of blast-induced vibrations at BayД±rk\"oy town situated in the boundary of BeЕџikd\"uz\"u and being said to be affected by the blasting generated at Korkuthan Quarry being located at the edge of Akhisar Brook in BeЕџikd\"uz\"u in Trabzon. Korkuthan Quarry has assured riprap materials for filling the sea and sea fortification for the construction of Espiye-\cCarЕџД±baЕџД± coastal highway (including Giresun coastal highway) at the scope of The Black Sea Coastal Way Rehab...

It was successfully completed the first stage of the development of a multi-functional network of permanent GPS base stations in Bulgaria. The network receives and monitors the satellite signals from both the American network GPS and the Russian network GLONASS. The developed network allows the user to operate in real time as well as in post processing mode contributing significantly for the improvement of the measurement accuracy of the used GPS/GLONASS receiver. The system enjoys a widely spread application in f...

Mechanical size reduction by using crusher and grinding mill is widely used in the aggregate producing industry and the mineral industry. In this study, physical, mechanical crushing and grinding properties of the rock specimens obtained from different bedrock were determined by using 8 different tests, to characterize the relationships between physico-mechanical properties of rocks and mechanical size reduction efficiency. The rock specimens were tested according to the procedures recommended by the ISRM (1981). ...

Chadormalu Mining and Industrial Company (CMMIC) is mining Chadormalu Iron Ore deposit in Yazd province, central Iran by using conventional open pit mining method. The final pit will be excavated to a depth of approximately 225m with a bottom elevation of 1300m above mean sea level. According to the initial design, the inter-ramp slope angle of 55В° with a 30m bench height, a catch bench width of 10m and 70В° slope angle of individual benches were proposed. Mining to date has intersected complex geology and areas ...