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The emissions of indoor nitrogen oxides have increased during the last period. Thorough knowledge of the interactions of individual influencing factors to nitrogen oxides pollutions in the indoor working environment provides guarantees of comfort, hygiene, and health for future manufacture buildings performance and production. A comprehensive assessment of the environmental safety of the working environment through appropriate analyses of transfer processes, impact rates, and interaction relationships must become ...

The bearing capacity of steel members and their cross-sections is influenced by geometrical - dimensional and material - strength variations, which are randomly variable. The actual design standards take this into account by characteristic or nominal values yield strength, design cross-sectional dimensions and partial reliability factors of the material to ensure adequate reliability of the proposed structures. There is still insufficient knowledge of the actual geometrical and material deviations and the results ...

The construction industry is among one of the oldest engineering sectors, whose foundations date back to far into the past. The architecture, engineering and construction were able to satisfy the needs of the people in the long run, which ranked it among the most important sectors that affected people's lives at all times. The industry was constantly evolving, which was reflected in many historical works. These buildings were for the time in which they were built very progressively. The efforts of people, technolo...

Transport is part of our lives. We live in an accelerated time and this also affects our transport demands. We need to move from one place to another faster. People often use own cars to move faster. The individual automobile transport has advantages. I tis flexible, fast and comfortable. But the automobile transport disadvantages. Many cars cause traffic jams, have a negative impact on the environment and the public roads are load. Individual car transport competes with public transport. In our country the public...

The general theme of the paper is the study of pro-environmental behaviour (PEB) content, instruments and stakeholders in order to design PEB enhancement preconditions at the local municipal actor?s level. The research-and-development (R&D) framework approach was used applying case study research methodology, including document studies, PEB household survey, observation and main stakeholder?s interviews, seminars, what was organized in two local medium size urban/rural municipalities in Latvia - rural Salacgriva m...

The presentation of the possibilities for the construction of ecological urbanism in the border regions of the Republic of Serbia and the Republic of Bulgaria is directly dependent on the degree of socio-economic cohesion between the administrative-territorial units separated in these territories. The construction of ecological urbanism is becoming an increasingly important issue given the ongoing climate change. On the other hand, ecological urbanism is associated with the possibilities for planning and building ...

In the context of global climate change, increased anthropogenic pressure, the discomfort of urban areas due to air pollution by vehicles and industrial enterprise emissions, landscaping of urban areas is of particular importance. Green spaces in ecosystems perform several environmental functions. Their key functions are sanitary-hygienic, recreational, artistic, and decorative. The sanitary-hygienic function of the woody and herbaceous plants system of the urbanized territories in the south of Ukraine is air puri...

Cultural ecosystem services are defined as all non-material services and benefits provided by ecosystems that have a symbolic, cultural or intellectual importance [1]. According to the Common International Classification of Ecosystem Services (CICES), natural elements provide people with opportunities to gain cultural goods or benefits. In order to fulfil diverse needs and expectations of an urban community, it is necessary to have a wide range of different spaces that can satisfy various needs of various users - ...

The recast of the Energy Performance of Buildings Directive 844 from 2018 stipulates the need of meeting the criteria of nearly Zero Energy Buildings, at both new and existing buildings. Although that the target is starting to get embraced by the design community, the process of modelling such buildings is very time consuming. The modelling and simulation of the construction joints, known as thermal bridges implies knowledge regarding numerical simulation and also the acquisition of commercial licenses in order to...

A significant percentage of nowadays furniture is made of melamine faced chipboard. Even if the surface has a high resistance to aggressive factors, at the time of damage the commonly accepted solution is to replace the board or the entire affected assembly, even if the furniture is relatively new. Surface repair, in addition to being difficult, does not serve the interests of furniture or raw material manufacturers. The study verifies the possibility of repairing the surface of different melamine chipboard boards...

The current building sector is undergoing major changes due to increased pressure to reduce energy consumption in buildings and increase the share of renewable energy sources. Modern systems and technologies can save energy, but also affect the quality of the indoor environment. In terms of air quality, attention was paid to the exterior, such as emission limits, etc. The indoor environment is generally a physical reality that surrounds the living organism with which it interacts, and which constantly contributes ...

With the current worldwide trend of increasing individual car traffic in the urban road network, sustainable transport has become one of the key issues for the sustainable future of transport in cities. In fact, most of the journeys in the urban area are on shorter distances where we can substitute the car very easily. The contribution deals with the current state, after two months from the first appearance of shared e-scooters in the capital of Slovakia - Bratislava. We analysed the shared e-scooters from a mobil...

The idea to analyse the heat transfer between flats through internal walls is based on long-time question: ?How much will the heating demand of a flat increase if the neighbouring flat is not heated or uses a attenuation heating mode during the day??. It is a very complex question due to the complexity of the task and there are many factors that influence the heat transfer between flats. The goal of analysis is to find out how the material of inter-flat wall affects the heat transfer between flats by using differe...

The global climate emergency has among its main causes the emission of large quantities of CO2 due to human activities. There are many policies implemented so far worldwide, but as the Union Square climate clock in the heart of Manhattan highlights, a greater effort is needed. The work of Gan Golan and Andrew Boyd shows, with its countdown, how much time we have left to limit carbon emissions before we reach a point of no return. According to the World Green Building Council, 39% of total energy-related carbon emi...

Sustainable agriculture allows to solve many problems related to the development of rural areas - first of all, food security, economic well-being of agricultural entities, the formation of industrial and social infrastructure, the preservation of rural traditions and peasant way of life, and much more. The environmental aspect of sustainable development is particularly important, as further population growth is directly linked to increased exploitation of land and natural resources. According to the FAO, agricult...

The greenery absence is one of the current problems of the central parts in urban area not only in Czech Republic. Simultaneously, the urban greenery is important not only for human well-being, but also fulfills a number of ecological functions for the urban area. It can be expected that this problem - greenery absence - in urban space will become more important in the future, while the placement of new elements of green infrastructure here is already practically impossible. This is mainly caused by the historical...

This article is focused on the issue of the usage of exterior green walls in the conditions of Central European cities, especially in the Czech Republic, and presents the perception of this issue by the general public. Placing the green infrastructure in densely built urban centers, increases their attractiveness not only from the point of view of visitors but also to change the perception of the atmosphere in urban space by their inhabitants and users. In addition, exterior green walls are space-saving elements o...

The paper presents results about a decreasing of a cooling demand in the selected office building where the night ventilation/pre-cooling of building construction is used. The energy saving is about 10 - 15% in comparison with operation of this Office building without using of night ventilation/pre-cooling of building constructions. Mechanical ventilation is used in this selected Office building and the airflow volume was calculated by using the technical standard STN EN 16798-1. These results we got by using ener...

The urban environment in which we live is an important part of the quality of life. The state of the environment affects the quality of life of the inhabitants of settlements. However, the issue of environmental quality of life is not trivial. In urban areas, the average annual air temperature has been increasing for a long time. Due to the city's heat island, the adverse effects of the ever-increasing incidence and duration of heat and extreme temperatures in the city are amplified. The availability of greenery, ...

One of the greatest challenges in restoring the urban landscapes consists in getting data as accurate as possible on the historically evolving landscape. This case study of the historical ensemble of Ciacova, Timi? County in Romania, presents the methods for interpreting data from particular historical and archaeological research that contributed to establishing the principles for the restoration of the ensemble. On the one hand, the research provides the necessary data for the restoration process, on the other ha...

Kherson is located within the dry steppe subzone of the Steppe zone of Ukraine. Therefore, woody vegetation is not typical for the Kherson urbo-ecosystem. And hence, single trees and dendrological parks are unique azonal natural objects that require careful control and conservation. Currently, there are 10 objects in the nature reserve fund of Kherson. Among them there are four parks, monuments of garden art and six botanical nature monuments of local significance. The parks-monuments include the Botanical Garden ...

Biophilia should be understood as a love for nature. Although the term is not new and appeared in the 70s, it is only now gaining popularity. This happens when humanity noticed that progressing technologization and urbanization leads to the breakdown of direct contact with nature, which may result in problems with good psychophysical condition of a human being. Considering biophilia in the context of architecture is therefore extremely important. In this approach, it is understood as the dependence of man on natur...

Nearly a third of Prague residential fund is represented by prefab houses built in the second half of 20th century. Indoor environment quality in those houses does not meet current standards in many cases. Refurbishments in the past were mainly focused on reducing thermal losses in winter with insufficient attention to air ventilation or summer overheating. The article deals with a significant problem of high indoor temperatures during summer period present in G40 prefab houses. It evaluates an influence of severa...

The paper deals with the flat roof of low-energy buildings. The building sector is currently focusing on the maximum energy efficiency of buildings and related energy savings. At present, the building sector holds more than 40% of energy consumption and 36% production of greenhouse gas emissions. The whole sector of buildings uses more than 50% of the Earth's raw materials and produces approximately 50% of world waste. Roofs occupy about 20?25% of urban surfaces. The green construction practice expands and complem...

In general, the impact of the construction material base on the cost of construction is questionable. Wooden houses are becoming more common because of meeting the sustainable construction aspects and thanks to shorter construction time compared to brick houses. In the Czech Republic, it is still questionable whether wooden houses also bring lower investment costs, as the wooden house market hasn?t fully developed yet. The aim of the article is to define the impact of the material base of the houses on the market ...

Since the 1990s Green Public Procurement (GPP) is a voluntary environmental policy promoting in EU low-impact goods and service markets; according to these more general objectives, contracting authorities should ?buy green? i. e. environmentally friendly products and services. This has been translated into a short-term objective: to reach over than 70% of recycled materials from C&D waste by 2020 (CCE No 397 of 16 June 2008). Within this European framework, each Member State has proposed its own vision/strategy, a...

The problem of intersection capacity is a constantly discussed topic in the field of traffic engineering. Uncontrolled intersections have the lowest capacity, roundabouts and controlled intersections follow, and grade-separated interchanges have the highest capacity. However, in many cases, a grade-separated interchange cannot be built (mainly for spatial or financial reasons). In these cases, it is necessary to look for solutions to increase the capacity of other types of intersections. The paper deals with capac...

This article describes the research aimed at analyses of the present state of indoor environment in historical building of State Theatre in Kosice. The representative building of the State Theatre was built in a Neo-baroque style according to projects of Adolf Lang during the years 1879-1899. The goal of research is to take measure the level of indoor air quality, improve the energy performance of building and its HVAC systems. The one of many partial tasks is also the analyses of air temperature stratification in...

Typically, during design stage of a single-family house, only initial costs are taken into account, which are also discussed with the customer and optimized with the aim of reducing them. Long-term calculations are usually not made. At the same time, the calculation of global costs to design, build and operate the building show the real difference in expenses while living in this house. In the case of nZEB building the global cost approach becomes especially useful because of the strict energy demand requirements ...

Sustainable agriculture appears as a current challenge due to interdependence between the continuous increases of the standard of living correlated with a depletion of the renewable natural resources. Thus, raising the standard of living translates to increasing the population globally and to ensure food is needed access to more and more natural resources and implicitly the phenomenon of wasting part of these natural resources in the form of by-products or by-products. The study also wants to make known as well as...

Global warming is a phenomenon that makes us increasingly aware of the importance of protecting nature. One of the biggest problems is water scarcity in the world and the gradual drying up of water resources. This is the main reason why we are trying to return greenery to our cities, saving water and appreciating rainwater much more. Drinking water and rainwater storage tanks, as well as sludge tanks for wastewater treatment and recycling to technical water are becoming increasingly important. For built-up areas, ...

The contribution deals with the energy performance of variants of the building with the glazed cladding. Nowadays, glass facades on commercial buildings are a big fashion hit. Correct adjustment of the glazed surfaces helps us to warm the interior in the cold months, but in the summer months, the interior space becomes overheated. These buildings then look truly original, modern and architecturally interesting. The paper offers possibilities of the structural design of facade shielding and compares the results of ...

The assessment of underground behaviour below buildings will become more and more relevant because of increasing awareness to energy efficiency and renewable energy topics. Real information on ground temperatures is important for many thermal calculations, which include, among others, the calculation of heat losses of buildings to the ground or the design of subsoil heat exchanger. This paper presents the results of six-year period in situ experiment designed to monitor the ground temperature profile below a passi...

Daylight in buildings is evaluated using the daylight factor DF [%], which is defined as the ratio of the light level inside a structure (Ei = illuminance due to daylight at a point on the indoors working plane) to the light level outside the structure (Eo = simultaneous outdoor illuminance on a horizontal plane from an unobstructed hemisphere of overcast sky). The illuminance values are calculated for the overcast winter sky with Eo=5000 lx. In the Czech republic (and many other European countries), the daylight ...

The Prague housing fund consists of houses built by heavy prefabrication system between the years 1950 and 1990. This method of construction was characterized by considerable heat losses which, in the context of current trends, appear to be unacceptable. Ageing houses are currently being renovated. The primary goal of the reconstruction is to reduce heat losses with minimal reconstruction costs. The aesthetic value of the facades and the exterior appearance of residential buildings are neglected. The article exami...

The urban area has noticeably higher temperatures than other areas located in the undeveloped area. This is due to the overlapping of large areas of the original vegetation with the construction of buildings and roads. Concrete and asphalt surfaces absorb a large amount of heat from the sun that radiates back into the environment. The impact of ever-expanding urban arrest increases the intensity of so-called thermal islands, and life in some cities becomes difficult in the summer months. Due to the absence of gree...

The influence of the quality of life of urbanized areas in Slovakia is directly dependent on the development of transport. Both sites transport - transport infrastructure and transport services - are not only assessed in terms of the levels of traffic volumes or traffic flows on the urban road network. Recently, mobility and accessibility have been at the forefront as the main quality service of land use. On the other side, there is no uniform principle of their parameterization to determine the procedure for asse...

There are many studies focusing on indoor air quality in primary and secondary schools. Nevertheless, studies in nursery schools are still few. Concentrations of indoor air pollutants are typically 2-5 times higher, and occasionally 100 times higher than outdoors. Children spend more time in nursery and preschools than in any other indoor microenvironment besides home. It is generally assumed that preschool students are more susceptible to the adverse effects of poor indoor air quality (IAQ) than elementary or mid...

Traffic volumes in road traffic show growth, especially in developed countries. Where necessary and depending on space, financial possibilities and other aspects, increasingly more capacity roads (multi-lane highways, complex grade-separated interchange, etc.) are being built. The places, where the roads meet (i.e. at the intersections), are the most problematic (traffic accidents, capacity problems, etc.). Standard intersections (i.e. level intersections, roundabouts, intersections with traffic lights or grade-se...

In a world faced with the twin challenges of increasing urbanization and climate change, it is paramount to re-think cities so that they are able to face the pressures these changes will bring. Smart Green City goes one step beyond smart cities and is committed to caring for the environment. The Smart City, undoubtedly, has many advantages, and the implementation of all the technology associated with it is almost immediate. However, there is another emerging concept that, although it has less relevance, is also ve...

For the construction of alternative and sustainable cities of the future, due attention should be paid to the study of the socio-economic and political issues that result from the development of globalization processes. On the other hand, smart and sustainable cities of the future are the challenge of the 21st century faced by the local authorities of the cities and regions of the European Union, as regional imbalances must be reduced by discussing cohesion issues. The process of building and managing alternative ...

Among the restoration works in Northeast Romania, one can distinguish architect Ioana Grigorescu (1914 ? 2006). She was employed at Department for Historical Monuments and she designed inside existing buildings, spaces dedicated for the museum purposes as interpretation centers. Her work team used experience acquired during previous exhibitions spaces where the expressiveness of folk architecture forms where implemented. This creative architect conducted the restoration works of 17th and 18th century buildings, am...

The paper deals with the effective management of rainwater. Given the current climate change, which is currently faster than anticipated, environmental issues are very timely. These sudden changes are mainly caused by human activity. The most noticeable climate change is the increase in temperature and changes in the rainfall regime. These two changes are closely linked. The average consumption of drinking water per capita is over 100 liters of water per day in civilized advanced nations. But about 50% of this con...

The civil engineers have a responsibility to society to offer best possible solutions in order to design more sustainable buildings. A way to incorporate sustainability concepts by the structural engineers is the attempt to reduce both material consumption requirements and energy use during all phases of design. In a sustainability focused society, the amount of the matter resulted from a structural design according to the norms, may be of key importance. Nowadays, structural engineers are trained to design for me...

In recent years we see a growing interest in renewable and green energy sources. Particularly noteworthy are photovoltaic system PV which can provide us with energy from solar radiation. The most important factor for such an installations is solar insolation. Concentrator technology allows to focus solar light on the surface area of the solar panels which allow us to increase the electricity production. There are many solutions which grant us the possibility to increase the performance of PV installation, for exam...

Buildings produce about 30 % of all greenhouse gases and consume about 40 % of globally produced energy. Construction industry significantly contributes to climate changes. An approach to limit production of greenhouse gas is construction and operation of buildings according to the principles of sustainability. There are 186 certified (green) buildings in the Czech Republic. 48% of them are office building. After them, 29% are industrial areas. The LEED and BREEAM global certification programs and one local certif...

Neighborhoods of standardized concrete block buildings form a significant part of the post-socialist build heritage. It is very important to renovate the houses to suit the needs of the current user. The reconstructions typically affect the apartment layout (e. q. uniting the kitchen with the living room, bathroom renovation) and also the indoor environment (thermal insulation, window replacement, installing air conditioning units). One of the alterations that has a major impact on both the apartment layout and th...

The dynamics of the development of modern society dictates new requirements for the creation of a sustainable workspace or eco-friendly office. The functional state of the human body is an indicator of environmental friendliness of the working space. Therefore, a Green office is not only the creation of a comfortable, ecological space, ergonomic workplace, but also taking into account the whole complex of factors that can negatively affect the functional state of the organism. In modern society, a person has to li...

Very large trees are considered as key green structures in an urban green infrastructure. Due to the general focus on old and very large trees (with high aesthetic values in green urban areas), there is a significant knowledge gap related to the role of young trees in cities. This study is based on results of field mapping of cultural important trees in the urban area of the famous European historical city of Prague. We have investigated both very large and young trees ? just only trees with function of living sym...

Buildings are responsible from 25% to 30% of greenhouse gases production, contributing significantly to global warming. One approach to limiting greenhouse gas production is construction and operation of buildings according to the principles of sustainable construction. There are 113 certified buildings in the Czech Republic. 57% of the total consists of an office building. For this purpose, the LEED and BREEAM global certification programs and one local certification program, SB TOOL CZ, are used in the Czech Rep...