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Crude oil composition is very complex and can vary even within in every reservoir. Petroleum crude oil content varies according to light, the ratio of hydrocarbon classes, the content of compounds with oxygen, nitrogen, or sulfur and the presence or absence of components.Such oils have been classified according to the amount of paraffin, the percentage of sulfur in the fuel freezing point. This material is inte nded to present the existing classifications andproperties near the Romanian Petroleum and ordering a ne...

In the present study behavior of different footing anchors in reinforced soil subjected to vertical pullout loads were investigated. The plate anchors were considered as footings with their axis vertical and the study was made to plate anchors in cohesive non swelling clays. To carry out these studies number of laboratory tests were conducted on anchors of different shapes (circular, square and rectangular) and sizes in reinforced and non reinforced soil using three different Geosynthetics. It was concluded that o...

Current management of phosphate-bearing resources (mainly rock phosphates, RPs), which in fact are finite non-renewable sources, is quite far from the principles of sustainability and may cause an escalating price increase mainly because of increases in RP-processing costs. One of the most studied approaches in solubilization of insoluble phosphates is the biological treatment of phosphate-bearing materials. In this work, we propose a microbial extraction of phosphate from insoluble inorganic natural sources as a ...

Balan perimeter is one of the most representative mining zones of the Eastern Carpathians, well known for its copper ores, represented mainly by massive and/or disseminated pyrite and chalcopyrite concordantly interlayered with low grade Cambrian metamorphites of the Tulghes Group. The chemical study of these accumulations highlighted the presence of elements (Cu, Pb, Zn, Ni, Co, Mn) which, by geochemical characteristics and behaviour, can be included in the category of heavy metals and which, by build-up and/or m...

Lead (Pb) mobility in soils and hence its availability for plant uptake may be influenced by several soil properties, some of which are modified by sludge application. It is therefore imperative to understand how these modified properties affect Pb concentrations in different geochemical fractions of sludge-amended soils. Vertisols are common in arid- and semi-arid areas and are used extensively for agriculture. This study aimed at determining the relationship between selected soil properties (pH, organic matter (...

Various heavy metals contained in fuel are released to environment at fossil fuels use. Mercury has come to front of public interest recently. The North West Bohemia region is an area with high potential concentration of Hg emission sources (open pit brown coal mines) and large combustion facilities (power and heat stations) combusting fossil fuels. Mercury is taken for one of the most environment loading matters because its stability and bioaccumulation potential of itself and its compounds. More detailed regulat...

Major environmental problem worldwide, air pollution gains our particular attention, especially in the case of industrial emission. Among such concerns, SO2 generated by combustion flue gas requires profound analysis, mostly because it is known to cause acid rains. In time, many mathematical models gave both quantification and prediction of pollution level. This work aims to compare several SO2 dispersion equations (i.e. Sutton equation, Bosanquet-Pearson equation and diffusion equation, derived from the plume dis...

In this study, some attention will be paid to the recent scientific and technological developments in waste stocks remediation. The consideration will be focused on this still not developed area of practical application of polymers as a first step towards remediation of polluted waste stocks. Some function and utility of organic polymers will be offered, which behave similarly to those naturally present in soils that are to be considered as potential substrata for remediation and rebuilding of depleted waste stock...

Sedimentation in water reservoirs is a serious problem observed throughout the world. Its reduction is critical to ensure sustained socio-economic development. Mangla reservoir, the largest earth filled reservoir in Pakistan, was completed in 1967 with a gross storage capacity of 7280x106m3. Over the years (1967-99), this dam has been plagued by a massive inflow of sediments resulting in a reduction of 19 \% of its total storage capacity. This led to not only a decreased water supply to the farming community but a...

The main problem of restoration of localities of the North Bohemian Brown Coal Basin is the occurrence of overburden rocks from the series of rocks of coal seams. Representative example of these localities is the Strimice dump. This report briefly summarises the history of reclamation of this dump. Main attention is devoted to the result of application of fertilizable rocks and to the results of the research of the area retained for natural succession.

Konyaaltı coast area is a famous touristic region with its 9 km long beach at the west side of Antalya City. Nowadays, the region is subjected to multi - storey and dense constructioning activities due to its touristic charm. Lagoony and alluvial mechanisms in its development, the soil profile presents a considerably complex structure as a result of sea level and vertical ground movements. In this study, geotechnical and mineralogical characteristics of blue – green clays of the Harbour District existing inside...

Collapsible lands are generally found in arid and sub arid areas. These kinds of soils that are in metastable structure have high void ratio and low weight per unit volume. Loess soil that are wind deposits, residual soils, soils that are formed by volcanic ashes, alluvium soils, fine sand and silts, silt sand and loam are among the soils that have collapsing tendency. Collapsing that happened due to the increase on the water content of the base soil is generally seen in loosen silt layers that have low water cont...

One of the most important factors of industrialization and development is energy. Demand of energy significantly increases parallel to technology developing and world population increasing. The consumed amount of energy indicates the development level of countries in today. Oil and coal stocks are decreasing fastly, and lack of natural gas sources results in an increasing demand on renewable energy sources. The negative effects of the renewable energy sources are less than conventional energy sources on environmen...

Boron is a micronutrient required for all plant nutrition. The main functions of boron relate to cell wall strength and development division, fruit and seed development, glucose transport and hormone. Boron (B) is required for all plant growth. Adequate B nutrition is critical for high yields and qulity of crops. Deficiencies of B result in many anatomical, biochemical, physiological changes in plants. The B requirement is much higher for reproductive growth than for vegetative growth in most plant species. Boron ...

A horizon of carbonate minerals underlies the organic soils of the Thracian plane. This horizon has irregular thickness, density and mineral composition. In the world scientific literature, such horizons are usually described as pedogenic calcretes. The growth of the carbonate layer depends on many factors; among them are the global climate change, the acidity of the atmospheric precipitates and the agricultural practices. The carbonate layer is very significant to the biological productivity of the soil. It tends...

Main aim of this study is characterization of environmental contamination in surrounding of abandoned Sb-deposits in Slovakia by toxic elements as result of longtime mining activity. Main scientific interest is focused on migration of toxic elements in soil profile, their sources and bindings on Fe-oxyhydroxides or other natural sorbents, possibility of input to aquatic systems in studied localities. Results of chemical analyses of soil samples showed large-scale contamination of soil profiles in studied localitie...

Petroleum which is also known as black gold has a 150 year history. Oil which took part of coal in the 20th century is an important energy resource in economic and strategic terms. In the world, approximately the 26\% of oil reserves, and approximately 12\% 16 - 19 trillion cubic meters) of natural gas reserves are in the Caspian Sea. When we evaluate oil and natural gas reserves, the Caspian Sea (Region), not as much as the Persian Gulf, comes third after the Siberia in oil potential. Clean, cheap and safe way to...

Today, the world is involved in a major experiment, which studies what happens when they are released into the atmosphere in greater quantities of carbon dioxide and other gases. The climate models developed by specialists in the field estimate that, the global climate will warm by 1, 1 – 6,400 C during this century. The main cause of the global warming is increasing the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere in the last centuries. The gases behave like walls of a greenhouse, maintaining the solar energy in the ...

Until the year of 1996, there had been an intense air pollution beyond standards because of the use of fossil fuels such as coal and fuel oil especially in homes in the winter. With the start of the use of natural gas in Istanbul after 1996 there has been a decrase in the amount of air pollution. In this study, the measurement values of pre and post natural gas use in 10 different measurement stations conducted by ‘Istanbul Metropolitan Municapality, Environment Protection and Development Department, Environment...

Past to present, climate changes take place on every sections of the world during the history. This is an ordinary fact when these changes occur naturally, i.e. the natural climate changes are the necessity of our world’s natural behavior, and then the beings on the world are not affected artificially. However, in recent years, some human activities that increase the concentrations of greenhouse gases (GHGs) in the atmosphere and cause global warming are the most effective factors playing great roles on changing...

Biomass resources include wood and wood wastes, agricultural crops and their waste by products, municipal solid waste, animal wastes, waste from food processing. Especially organic waste, dumped in open places causes heavy environmental pollution to soil, groundwater and surface waters as the amount of the waste generated is growing very fast. However, energy from biomass may significantly contribute to the growing future demand for energy. Energy from biomass avoids the net increase of carbon dioxide in the atmos...

Soil erosion is a process threatening natural resources such as water, soil, plant cover and climate both directly and indirectly and it is dangerous for human safety and his life. Erosion not only weakens soil, makes useless farms and a lot of damage, but also causes harm by sedimentation solid of materials in streams, sources, dams, ports and decreases the amount of their capacity. In this project, we are studying soil erosion in Mousa Abad basin in Tiran, Isfahan in SLEMSA model using GIS. In this research, the...

There are selected regions with a certain quality of a situation or a tendency of changes of environmental components. The significantly changes, in these areas are observed at soils, as the basic component of environment at which is man biologically contacted. The significantly chemical degradation of soils - acidification and contamination of soils with heavy metals - in loaded regions – the middle Spis region are showed. The middle Spis region is area at Slovak republic with deteriorated or heavily deteriorat...

The mushrooms are able of cumulating metals from environment depending on specie, harvesting place, type of soil, degree of development and other environment conditions. The paper presents the results of the study on levels of copper, zinc, iron, manganese, chromium and calcium in mushroom harvests from Calimani site where the soil is degraded by mining work. The mycological material (19 samples of mushrooms) was harvested from 6 places of Calimani site: Ilva Dump, Dumitrelul Dump, near Dump of Pin, Dump of Pin, P...

The spoil heaps, present in the perimeter of the hydropower plants, industrial chemical complexes, groups of mining exploitation and minerals processing etc. are an important prejudice for the environment, and because of this, they need special attention (monitoring, EIA, implementation of some strategies of ecological restoration). We focused the attention on two spoil heaps categories from W. Romania (in Retezat National Park) and S.W. Romania (Moldova Noua complex), different as their provenience, morphological...

The paper present some result obtained by the authors in the research activity developed in the creation of a methodology to solve the environmental problems. The results presented in this paper are part of the soil moisture preservation and soil compaction prevention method, which is including in the methodology. The method is based on the soil moisture and compaction prediction in a certain geographic zone. The prediction is based on the maps of soil moisture and compaction, which is obtained starting of the GPS...

Recent data demonstrate a significant capacity of mushrooms to retain the pollutants from soil, so being realised the mycoremediation of soil. Nitrogen oxides are major atmospheric pollutants. The main oxides, nitrogen monoxide and dioxide, penetrated in human body cause important toxic effects: methaemoglobinemia, haemolysis, vasodilatation and even cancerogenesis. The accumulation of these oxides in mushrooms, as nitrites and nitrates, is dependent on: species, environmental conditions and chemical composition o...

The Estonian kukersite is the largest oil shale resource in the world used industrially today. The majority of mined oil shale is utilized for electricity and heat production. About 20\% of all of the oil shale extracted annually is used for retorting shale-oil and shale-gas, after which large amount of environmentally hazardous solid retort residue – semi-coke is left over. Production of 1 tonne of shale-oil is accompanied by almost 3 tonnes of semi-coke waste. During more than 80 years of operation over 110 mi...

In this study, removal zinc from aqueous solution was studied using smectite-bearing soil. The effects of initial Zn(II) concentration, pH, adsorbent dosage, and contact time were investigated. When the initial concentration of Zn(II) was incresed from 0.7 to 3.77 mM, the Zn(II) removal efficiency decreased from 100\% to 90.7\%. To determine the effect of pH on the adsorption efficiency of Zn(II), pH was varied between 3.0 and 7.0. The sorption efficiency of Zn(II) onto soil seems to be independent of pH with in s...

We introduce an example of a detailed study of soil texture and geochemistry with the aim of designing appropriate soil washing systems. Concretely, we have studied soils affected by the mining works of “Los Rueldos” (Asturias, Spain). After an initial characterization, composite, representative samples were taken and ICP-MS analysis was carried out. Results showed very high concentrations of As, and significant presence of heavy metals such Hg, Pb and Zn specially in silt-clay fractions obtained after wet sie...

The aim of this study is to provide data on biological state of soil in depth, using the comparative study of general microbiota frequency and activity. For the quantitative analysis of soil microbiota, we have used soil samples for dilutions (10-1 - 10-6). The results were expressed in colony-forming units/g soil (CFU). The soil was sampling from Calimani National Park (The Oriental Carpathians) in October 2006, June and September 2007. The soil microbiota registers quantitative variations from one sample point t...

Biogas is a part of the natural circle. Biogas is formed by the activity of anaerobic bacteria. In nature biogas is produced for example in bogs. It is also possible to produce from biological material in an environment free from air. The gas that is produced is methane (CH4), which is an excellent fuel for heat, electricity, and cars that doesn’t drain the earth’s fossil resources. The raw-material in biogas production has traditionally been waste from the food industries, and communal sewage treatment works....

Our paper presents the results of a study concerning the possibility to use mushrooms for soil remediation after mining exploitation. The samples have been harvested from Calimani Mountains (Northern Carpathians) an important site for sulphur extraction in Romania. Despite, the sulphur mines have been closed from several years, soil and vegetation are still affected and is necessary to improve theirs qualities especially by biological methods. By oxidation processes, sulphur is transformed in air to oxides especia...

Magnetism of soils is determined by the amount of strongly magnetic minerals, which may have different origin – inherent from the parent rocks (lithogenic); “in situ” formed during pedogenesis (pedogenic) and anthropogenic – from atmospheric deposition of particulates emitted from various industrial productions, which together with heavy metals contain also magnetic fraction. Due to the latter contribution, magnetic susceptibility of strongly polluted topsoils is significantly higher than the signal of non...

Many industrial processes and sewage treatment facilities produce odours, most of which are of decomposed sulphur compounds. Hydrogen sulphide (H2S), which is a very toxic and corrosive gas, may be the standard indicator among the obnoxious odours and therefore the amount released into the air is required to be regulated strictly. Hydrogen sulphide was efficiently removed from contaminated air by a pilot-scale bio-filter; a column prepared with soil, sawdust and activated sludge materials from the leather industry...

It is well known that, many kinds of industrial organic waste can be used for biogas production, but the biogas and methane yields depend on the biodegrability of the compounds in raw material. Recent studies are aimed to increase the biodegradability of organic matter by many pretreatment processes. In this study, belt-filter press sludge which has been taken from the waste water treatment plant of ETAP, has been used in experiments, basic and/or microwave radiation (MW) pretreatments have been carried out in ord...

Heavy metals in wastewater are quite important because of being toxic effect for public health. Wastewaters that contain heavy metals are generally caused by industries discharged, either after primary treatment or even no-treatment farmers in Konya use wastewater for irrigation that discharged into canal. This causes soil pollution also decreases plant quality. Heavy metals can reach to humans and animals and causes toxic effects through food-chain. The aim of this study is determining heavy metal accumulation on...

We took into consideration aspects regarding the physiology at two species of wooden angiosperms cultivated in sites from industrial area of Borzesti, Bacau District: Populus tremula L. and Tilia tomentosa Moench., during their ontogenetic cycle. We also talked about aspects related to some special biochemical and physiological parameters (dry matter content and assimilating pigments content). The researches of vegetal physiology have used classical methods of investigation. The negative influence of air pollutant...

The studying area is placed on the surrounding of Ataturk Dam in Bozova (S.URFA) in the southern Turkey. The main lithology of the region starts calcareous marl and upper part is consist of lime stones with crystalline dolomites and chert. In the region there are some important climatic changes which took place during the accumulating water in the lake of the dam. These situations caused many new environmental and agricultural effects. Especially the geochemical features of the lithological unit of the region role...