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Technological developments in 20 and 21 centuries have highered up standards of living and created welfare and more comfortable living conditions for mankind. However, together with the increasing world population, environmental problems have also increased and diversified based on various reasons. Therefore, with the aim of solving the existing air, water and earth pollution problems and taking them under control, laws and regulations have been put into force and announced both internationally and domestically. T...

The Sungun porphyry copper deposit (PCD) is located in East Azarbaijan, in the NW of Iran. The Sungun porphyries occur as stocks and dikes ranging in composition from quartz monzodiorite through quartz monzonite. Four types of hypogene alteration are developed at Sungun, potassic, phyllic, propylitic and argillic. Based upon their phase content, four types of fluid inclusions are common at Sungun (1) vapor, mono-phase (2) vapor-rich, two-phase, (3) liquid-rich twophase, and (4) multi-phase. Halite is the principal...

Drilling rate is one of the main determinants of drilling cost. The performance of any drill bit is affected by the complex interaction of numerous factors. The principal factors that require consideration in predicting drilling rate, particularly for mining application, are the characteristics of the rock and the operating parameters of drilling machine. In this paper, the most important operating parameters of drilling machine were reviewed using many basic studies on drilling rate and dillability since 1956. Th...

Determination of Mining Limits (ML) for each of Open-Pit (OP) and Underground (Ug) is one of the most significant part impacts the economic aspects. Optimization process for the mentioned objective in both of OP and Ug mining was done on the economic block model. In this paper, the applied Optimization Algorithms (OA)s for ML determination extensively were studied. Because of the major difference between the shape and form of mining limits in two main exploitation methods, implementation of the algorithms in searc...

A standard imaging method in seismic data processing is the simulation of a zero offset section from seismic reflection data. In traditional imaging methods, e. g. NMO/DMO/stack, an accurate macro velocity model is needed. Common reflection surface (CRS) stack is a new data driven method, introduced in recent years which remove the necessity of making this model and just use the surface velocity to simulate zero offset section (2D) or volume (3D). In this article, we drive the CRS stacking on a synthetic data to o...

The filtering of binary images containing graphic and text information possesses typical peculiarities and uses heuristic processing procedures. At the same time the application of grey level methods for processing of digital images gives a lot of advantages. It is introduced an approach for the processing of binary images that is based on the adaptation of algorithms for grey level images like boundary detection, contour tracing, and line tinning. It is made the comparison of methods for binary filtering and corr...

Building a tunnel is a very expensive construction task, especially when cutting a tunnel in inconvenient geological conditions. The tunnel building is made drastically more expensive by badly executed works on the cutting itself, i.e. the excavation, and it happens when the areas of excavation cross-sections differ from the areas of designed profiles. It is therefore very important to monitor, apart from the direction of tunnel cutting in terms of position and height, also the areas of cross sections of the excav...

Regression analysis is a well-established method to correct for grain size differences in suites of sediments. However, distortion caused by the presence of outliers and imprecision in both variables can hinder many common regression models from performing adequately. Median sum of weighted residuals (MSWR) regression is strongly outlier-resistant and accounts for imprecision in both variables for each member of a dataset. In a case study of Ni and Pb normalization for a suite of stream sediments in NW Iran, the a...

The Dalmatian region is a karst region built of Mesozoic limestone and dolomites. In the four Dalmatian counties aggregates and natural stone is quarried at 155 sites and there are 73 abandoned sites. A GIS based model on map-correlation and map-integration processes was used in order to define relationships between spatial layers and combine predictor factors in supporting a hypothesis. The response variable is the set of point locations of current aggregate and natural stone quarries (termed training sites), and...

Petrophysical evaluation is one of the important stages in petroleum exploration activities and reservoir analysis. When a log is missing in a drilling well, petrophysiests hope to deduce it from other logs available in another part of the well or in neighboring wells, in order to define true petrophysic evaluation for corresponding well. This paper presented here, is an artificial neural networks (ANNs) modeling in one of the carbonate reservoirs in the south west of Iran. In this study, three separate ANN are ap...

Fly rock is one of the reluctant phenomenon in blasting operation. Several factors are effective in producing fly rock. As a whole, these factors can be divided into two groups; controllable parameters (blasting pattern) and uncontrollable parameters (geo-mechanical characteristics). One of the most important controllable parameters in blasting operation is blast hole diameter. Proper diameter is the diameter which is optimum from technical and economical point of view. Normally, statistical methods can be used fo...

Naturally occurring arsenic (As) in groundwater of sedimentary aquifer has emerged as a global problem, and issue of major environmental health concern. Most groundwater from the Terai Basin of Nepal is contaminated by excess arsenic. Such groundwater is widely used for drinking and irrigation purpose and makes easy means of direct entrance of arsenic into human body and food chain; and that affects human health adversely. This paper evaluates the state of arsenic contamination in the six Terai districts of Nepal ...

The stability problems in 73 meters height of dolomite wall cause to starting an empirical estimation for early step of slope optimization. In this paper, three rock classification systems (RQD, RMR and SMR) are utilized for assessment of dolomite wall failures in the 6th Golbini Jajarm bauxite mine. The SMR (slope mass rating) geo-mechanics classification system, is adaptation of RMR (rock mass rating) for slopes. In first step, joint study and site investigation carried out for RQD (rock quality designation) and...

Surface and groundwater resources are important assets for the economic and social welfare of the population of a given area; they are renewable and with proper management, they contribute substantially to sustained development. Unfortunately, the expansion of industrial and agricultural activities lead to increasing withdrawal of water from the aquifers, excessive use of pesticides and fertilizers and (frequently illicit) disposal of industrial waste. This results in rapid reduction in the quantity and quality of...

On the basis of the mathematical model of acoustic field behind the first line of buildings [1] is created program insurance for PC and operational system WindowsВ®. The incoming information includes: coordinated of the angle and altitude of buildings, sources, power and frequency of sound, coordinates of the points for which the calculations are made for (figure 2). The program is composed from 7 basic modules. The connection between them is represented in figure 1. The results from the calculations are shown by ...

A review of the CAD systems used in the investigation planning, possibilities to automate planning and the basic directions related with planning are done. Examples for achieved results when developing software for the specialized investigation activities and when working with the program package “Geodesy” are given.

Within the scope of this study, Kuz-Ram and JKMRC fragmentation estimation models were applied to bench blasting operations and pros and cons of models were determined by comparing estimation results with the real fragmentation results obtained from digital image processing technique. On the other side, bench blast optimization method by means of models and digital image processing technique, is introduced in order to get desired fragmentation result from bench blast.

In this study, first the stability of a drilled well for oil production from a reservoir in the Asmary formation region of Iran using a finite different numerical method was assessed. Some sections of various well plunges were done. For each section, displacement, maximum major stresses, safety factor, and plastic zone condition around well using the mentioned numerical method were estimated. According to the results of the programme, summarized that the vertical well in relation to the horizontal well was in a be...

The authors outline the features and impacts that Bulgarian-German education, initially introduced in 1991 in the Faculty of German Engineering Education and Industrial Management (FDIBA) at the Technical University Sofia, has on Bulgaria’s European integration. The training comprises 4 specialties conducted in German and follows curricula and regulations provided by German partneruniversities. Every year the Faculty enrolls ca. 160 Bulgarian and 20 foreign newcomers. Upon graduation students receive diplomas fr...

Alkaline basaltic tuffs, BT, from southern Turkey were characterized and used to obtain cheap sintered glass-ceramic and ceramic materials. The chemical and mineralogical compositions were analyzed by fluourescene spectrometry and X-ray diffraction analyses, respectively. The phase formations were studied by DTA, while the sintering behavior – by differentional dilatometer. The structure of the sintered samples was evaluated by pycnometric techniques and observed by SEM. Due to its high porosity and low crystall...

In this study, natural radioactivity removal methods have been compared for present drinking water supplies (privately owned wells or small water works) which have radioactivity values higher than determined standards (WHO \& EPA standards). There are several methods known to remove radioactivity from water such as aeration to remove “Rn222”, adsorption by granular activated carbon (GAC) to remove “Uranium”, ion exchange methods (IX) to remove “Ra266 and Ra288”, reverse osmosis (RO) to remove “Gross ...

There are two methods fixed and real-time assignment for improving the performance of transportation through truck- shovel system in open pit mines. The real-time assignment (RTA) method is a better manner for optimization process of transportation system in open pit mines, especially in the complex transportation systems. The most significant objective of the RTA method is, introducing a transportation system which cause to increasing production per time and decreasing cost per ton. In this study, a software base...

In current paper the purposes of an environmental assessment are described and the method, through which the “Impacting Factors” and “Environmental Components” are determined, is also outlined. Then, according to the definition, possible scenarios, and matrixes of weighting factors, the algorithm which shows the relation between Impacting Factors and Environmental Components is determined. Furthermore, the derivation of matrixes and the method of environmental assessment are described. In order to compare ...

The Normalized Full Gradient (NFG) method was introduced in the mid of 1960s. This method generally uses for interpretation potential field data in order to detect gravity and magnetic anomalies. The NFG value represents the full gradient of the magnetic anomaly at a point divided by the average of the full gradient at the datum. The closed maxima on a NFG map indicate the occurrence and the horizontal locations of the centers of magnetic anomalies related to iron deposits. By means of this map, we can select bore...

The leaching conditions of galena (PbS) concentrate in nitric acid (HNO3) medium containing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) were investigated in this study. Effects of stirring speed in the range of 0 to 600 rpm, nitric acid concentration in the range of 0.1 to 2.0 M, hydrogen peroxide concentration in the range of 0.25 to 2.0 M, leaching temperature in the range of 23 to 60В°C, particle size range of -212 +106, -106 +75, -75 +45 $\mu$m on lead dissolution were investigated. According to obtained results, it was determin...

Noise is an important factor affecting human health psychologically due to lack of performance, hearing failures, decreases in heart beats, physiologically due to higher brain liquid pressure and sociologically due to lack of communication. Especially in closed working areas, it has significant negative effects on the performance. Noise control in closed working areas is generally done with boron added cellulosic mixture sprayed on the structure or surfaces with required thicknesses. In this study, noise was gener...

Determination of mechanical parameters of rock materials and using them as an input data-base are important in rock engineering design studies. The standard test procedures to determine mechanical parameters of rocks have been developed and they have been applied for up to 40 years. But these tests require special samples and after preparation, the samples are tested by giving damage to them. The electrical conductivity method has been used to determine porosity, fault or discontinuity in rock mass without giving ...

WATER-MAP is a 2-year project funded under the Community Initiative INTERREG III B ARCHIMED and implemented by nine partners from six countries (Greece, Italy, Malta, Cyprus, Turkey, and Palestinian Authority). The project looks at the topic of integrated groundwater resources management. The aim is to provide scientifically reliable information to the local authorities in order to develop optimal spatial development strategies. Within the framework of the project, vulnerability maps are generated in order to dete...

In this paper a combined (hybrid) model of fix and flexible with its software were presented. In the model, initially the trucks assignment operation using the fix approach was done and in the end of trucks operation cycle in the flexible method, trucks dispatching method was started. Results of fix assignment method implementation in each transportation scheduling period were used in the mentioned software and finally the fitness and most suitable shovel and truck combined system for the real-time assignment was ...

The microalgae from a genus Pseudo-nitzschia are constantly presented in the plankton at the Bulgarian Black Sea coast. They are described as potential toxic and their monitoring is significant for the Black Sea’s ecosystem, fishing development and aquacultures. Aspects such as distribution density, biomass and bloom’s forming from this group of algae are explored in this article. Since 1996 to 2005, one great blooming of P.delicatissima is observed and the rest are below 5 000 x 103 cells/l. The frequencies a...

Since 2000 in Bulgaria have been installed and put into operation two DGPS beacons. Preliminary site selection and equipment delivery procedures for a new station of the same type have been started recently. Each of the two existing and one planned stations serve specific activities: marine and inland water way navigation and exploration, land navigation, positioning, targeting, etc. Though built with different purposes and missing a common network concept, these stations provide differential correction coverage o...

One of the deepest excavations in Sofia history are related to Sofia Metro Expansion project, in the section between the future Metro Stations 8 (Sofia University) and 9 (Vasil Levsky Stadium). In this section the metro tunnels are being driven with the help of a tunnel boring machine delivered by the Japanese company “Taisei Corporation”. One of the deepest locations is nearby Vasil Levsky Stadium where the ventilation shaft is situated. According to the design, the depth of the ventilation shaft is 21 m. The...

This paper presents a study for leaching kinetics of chalcopyrite concentrate in acidic potassium dichromate solution. For this purpose effects of stirring speed in the range of 100-400 rpm, sulphuric acid (H2SO4) concentration in the range of 0.1-0.5 M, potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) concentration in the range of 0.02-0.1 M, leaching temperature in the range of 20-90В°C, particle size fractions of 212x106, 106x75, 74x45, 45x38 and minus 38 $\mu$m and solid/liquid ratio in the range of 10-200 g/L on copper dissolu...

On 22.12.2005 the General Assembly of the United Nations Organization unanimously decided to proclaim the year 2008 as International Year of the Planet Earth. UNESCO and the International Union of Geosciences decided to develop the programmes within a Trienium of Geosciences 2007- 2009. Thus, the United Nations acknowledge the special role that geosciences may and should play in establishing a better world, their huge potential being utilized in a more rational manner for the benefit of humanity and its sustainabl...

Each employee has a unique potential, which need to be stimulated due to be most productive. Education is an important factor for this stimulation. Only well educated employees are real competitive advantage for the company. In the year 2006 we have realized research study of educational needs of tourism organization in KoС™ice region. We tried to identify factors, which are necessary for the real development of tourism. In the study we have found areas, in which human resources needs to be strengthened. The follo...

The Siah Bishe Pumped Storage Dam is located in the northern part of the Alborz mountain range. The investigation results and the effect of brittle deformation of two fault sets in the left pressure shaft of Siah Bisheh Dam are discussed in this paper. The shaft is arranged in sedimentary and volcanic rocks of Triasic and Jurasic ages. The length of the shaft is 450m and its diameter is 6m with 65 degree inclination relatively south-north trend. The results of geo-engineering surveys using boreholes and statistica...

This paper describes removal of Pb(II) ions from aqueous solutions using NaOH modified pine barks (Pinus nigra). Chemical modification and its enhancement effect on adsorption capacity for heavy metal treatment process have been investigated in this article. Changes of the surface properties after modification were examined by the FT-IR analysis. Maximum adsorption capacity was 49 mg/g at pH 8 and during about 180 min contact time (for 35 mg/L initial concentration with 2.5 g/L solid-to-liquid ratio) These modific...

Under similar conditions, surface mining is generally regarded to be more advantageous than underground mining. In the selection between surface and underground exploitation methods, there are a number of most significant factors must be briefly studied and determined. In this study, these factors were extensively studied and then considering effect of these factors on surface and underground mining, a comparison was done.

In the course of years in the engineering practice are formed mathematical procedures which are marked as “engineering calculations”. We will characterize the engineering calculations with the following specific features: • the engineering calculations are pointedly pragmatic; • the engineering calculations are based on working formulas; • the results are approximate; • the engineering calculations are developed by experts and should be applied by experts.

The importance of a high literacy consciousness in the development of societies is a known fact. Scientific literacy is the fundamental criterion to catch the era in social, scientific and technological fields. Science, Technology and Society (STS) literacy level and the sensitivity of the natural environment protection is crucial in the economic and technologic development of countries. For this reason, the developed countries applied STS literacy to all layers of the societies. The developing countries have to p...

To implement large-scale multiagent systems (MAS) in the paper is proposed a new system design methodology towards environment-centered design. The interaction of blocks that compound the structure of multiagent system for environment processes is described. These links consist in system simulation, where agents and human-controlled units coexist in virtual space to jointly perform simulations and augmented experiment. As an application of environment-centered design, environment embedded agents for a large-scale ...

In the long term, there are no alternatives to an environmentally compatible mode of production and consumption. Global warming, the loss (depletion) of stratospheric ozone and tropical forests, marine pollution and soil erosion, world-wide air pollution and the world-wide loss of biodiversity can no longer be denied. Only if every individual adapts his or her activities to the limits of our environment, can the targets presented here be achieved. In the debate on consumption patterns in industrialized societies i...

Peak particle velocity is the most important criterion for analyzing dangers resulted from ground vibration. According to the investigations, this parameter can independently indicate the possible damage and is proportional to it. Up to now, investigators have proposed many different formulas to calculate this parameter, but none of them are applicable for all areas and based upon regional conditions such as geological, technical, geotechnical, rock mechanical and so on, only one of these equations can be adopted....

The problem of recycling worn car tires is ecologically and economically important. Worn-off tires are a source of long-term environmental pollution. Tires subject to no biological decomposition, they are inflammable and being ignited 1 ton of tires releases in the atmosphere 270 kg of carbon black and 45 kg of toxic gases. At the same time, they contain valuable raw materials such as rubber resin and metal. The most optimum of all known tire-recycling methods is low-temperature pyrolysis that provides complete re...

The economical investigation is one of the most important stages in the mine planning, as it can be a useful guide in the mine exploitation. The iron ore district of Gol-E-Gohar (GEG) is located about 60 km south-west of the city of Sirjan, in the Kerman Province of the Islamic Republic of Iran. Six anomalies are known and for about 10 years, Area 1 ore is mined and processed for the recovery of a dry as well as a wet concentrate. The proven reserves of Area 1 were about 265 million tonnes, whereas near to 100 mil...

Fluid inclusion application in epithermal gold exploration is based on the fluid inclusion characteristic and its relation to the mineralization. These characteristics include the type of fluid inclusions and different fluctuations in their micro thermometry measurement and chemical composition. In this regard, based on the micro thermometry measurements, the fluid inclusions in epithermal gold systems have the homogenization temperatures between 100-300 ВєC and the salinity of 5\% NaCl equiv. in average. Within t...

Coastal zones are exposed to many dynamic processes that usually cause changes on long and short time spans. Erosion, sediment transport, environmental pollution and coastal development are among the most severe processes impacting the coastal zones. Monitoring of shoreline change needs a long-term commitment and objective decisions on shoreline change are usually made based on shoreline and erosion monitoring data that are usually acquired cumulatively over a long period of time. The purpose of the present work i...

Multivariate statistics analysis is one of the base stages in geochemical data processing. In this branch of mathematics, “Hierarchical Clustering Analysis” applied to identify the relations between the variables such as elements and samples. Hence, different types of mineralization would define. However, any missing or errors in entrance the data make a wrong or not clear result. Sometimes misinformation or data errors appear because of analytical errors, missing some information, or problems in sam pling or ...

Introduction of the GIS in geology in Slovakia has carried forward dearly during few past years, but even though, in many cases there are not used all analytical possibilities of the GIS and the works are concentred on a basic modelling of the geological phenomenon and its presentation in a paper form. That’s probably the reason why the costs spent for implementation of the GIS in geology are considered as a less effective or a lossy. Pay back period, as short as possible, is possible to achieve only by a comple...

Sungun Porphyry Copper deposit is located 75 kilometers northwest of Ahar and 130 kilometers northwest of Tabriz. In order to model the deposit and estimate its reserve, 31068 input data gained from 152 boreholes were used. Cu grade was selected as the major regional variable on which the present research has focused. All of the available data were changed to 12.5-meter composites so that statistical equalization could be reached. Studies indicated that Cu input data had single - population characteristics. To car...