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It is well known that, many kinds of industrial organic waste can be used for biogas production, but the biogas and methane yields depend on the biodegrability of the compounds in raw material. Recent studies are aimed to increase the biodegradability of organic matter by many pretreatment processes. In this study, belt-filter press sludge which has been taken from the waste water treatment plant of ETAP, has been used in experiments, basic and/or microwave radiation (MW) pretreatments have been carried out in ord...

In this study, optimum enriching possibilities of Topraktepe chromite ore were investigated by shaking table. Shaking table tests were carried out using -1000+500, -500+300, -300 +212, 212+106, -75+53, -53+38 $\mu$m particle sizes and 1000 g samples. From the experimental results, the obtained optimum results are as follow: -300+212 $\mu$m particle size, 12 mm shaking stroke, 6o table angle, \% 25 solid ratio, 300 rpm shake frequency.

Heavy metals in wastewater are quite important because of being toxic effect for public health. Wastewaters that contain heavy metals are generally caused by industries discharged, either after primary treatment or even no-treatment farmers in Konya use wastewater for irrigation that discharged into canal. This causes soil pollution also decreases plant quality. Heavy metals can reach to humans and animals and causes toxic effects through food-chain. The aim of this study is determining heavy metal accumulation on...

Salt weathering is a process of rock disintegration that takes place in a variety of environments and affects many kinds of rocks. Salt crystallization is one of the most important degradation mechanisms on the effect of rock weathering. Salt weathering is especially effect on the pores rock and affects the rocks, which contains cracks and micro cracks. In this study, the resistance of stones against salt weathering was estimated by ultrasonic measurements and weight loss approximation. Experiments were carried ac...

A possibility for fixing of the location and approximate sizes of the terrestrial surface regions which are situated above solids with anomalous mass is considered .The precise gravimetric measurРµments are combined with observations by navigation GPS receivers for marking of the preliminary designed gravimetric stations. The interpretation of received anomalous field is preceded by an analytical removal of a regional background. The expedience of the chosen method is well founded and supported by an example of a ...

The paper presents definitions of nature risks and disasters. The mapping of the risk processes is discussed in the direction of educational purposes. International organizations publish information brochures about how to teach children correct behavior and preparation for natural disasters. Questions as “What do you do in case of an emergency” are discussed. Standards and technologies related to emergency management are considered. Some examples of maps and methods of mapping for young and older students are ...

For identification, preliminary selection and mapping of potential sites for regional waste landfills methods are applied, which are based on modern technologies - remote sensing, automated procedures in GIS environment for reduction of selected potential sites on the basis of pre-set categories and criteria as well as computer-aided visual interpretation of vector and raster data from the “CORINE Land Cover 2000 - Bulgaria” project. Office activities are followed by field investigations during which the main ...

The selective bio-solubilization of mineral sulphide deposits has had an upward development lately due to the irreversible depletion of the ore deposits and the accumulation of large quantities of refuse dumps, the process being equally important for the economy and the environment. This paper aims at carrying out a quantitative assay of both the heterotrophic and the sulphur-oxidising bacteria of the Thiobacillus genus found in samples of mine waters collected from the Barza and Valea Morii mining sites in the Ap...

Based on a two-level model for the zone of non-reversible deformations that is produced near mine working, bifurcation-type criterion is developed for stability of heterogeneous rock mass. A new approach to calculate parameters of mine working lining has been proposed. It is based on the treatment on energy balance of “lining-rock mass". Geomechanical criteria of mine working lining stability are obtained.

One of the most critical and complicated steps in mine design is to select an suitable mining method based upon geological, geotechnical, geographical and economical parameters. Since there are many factors involved for the selection of mining method, which is decision-making process, the problem is very difficult to solve. In this paper, Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS) with 18 criteria is used to develop a suitable mining method for the Reza Abad ballclay \& bauxite ore dep...

Modelling of air pollution parameters, according to the meteorological data is a necessary for preventing the repetition of same problems. During recent years, neural network-based models have been shown to be powerful tools in the simulation of variations in air quality and provide better alternative to statistical models because of their computational efficiency and generalization ability. In this study, prediction of future daily SO2 concentrations in Konya (Turkey) using MLP (Multilayer Perceptron) artificial ...

Instrument Optic Electron Service Co. (IOES Co.) is a company which distributes and supports bulgarian surveying and mine surveying market with motorized optical total stations based on laser direct reflex measurement, 3D full-panoramic long range laser scanning systems and at last but not least with effective GPS and GIS solutions. All these three separate bundles of instruments, which are also interdependent and are used for remote rapid creation of precise 3D digital models of large, hard to approach and danger...

We present a method for the neutralisation of heavy metals – Pb, Zn, Cd and Cr in contaminated water and soils by binding them into water-insoluble complexes, inabsorbable by plants, which was found to be effective under laboratory and green-house conditions. By introducing multiblock copolyethers (MBPE) and low molecular weight organic chelates (LOC) in water, containing heavy metal ions, they interact stoichiometrically and precipitate, affording water of irrigation quality. Treatment with MBPE and LOC (by sin...

Norm Statements Actual that settle the questions related to the execution of industrial explosive work are considered in the report. There are shown the main requirements stationary for all who execute some industrial explosive works and actions with explosive materials.

The major impact of early mining resulted from the establishment of this mine tailings, which neutralized hundreds hectares of land, which due poor management and neglect have been subjected to varying degrees of water and wind erosion. Environmental impacts range from water pollution (acid mine drainage derived from oxidation of sulphides, mainly pyrite, and the heavy metals in the Mooteh mine tailings), air pollution in the form of airborne dust from unrehabilitated, partially rehabilitated and reprocessed mine ...

The problem is described with the concepts of the mathematical programming. The system UE can be valued with the execution of the participant’s goals – students, lecturers, state, contractors, parents and the rest of society. The optimization has to be done with the following limitations: • Capacity (the opportunity of the students to assistance) • Capacity (the opportunity of the lecturers to teach) • Financial means • Normative (rightful and administrative) boundaries The result – oriented function...

The peculiarity of mass transfer in such environment is that motion between the outer surface of the blocks and their inside develops in time creating delay in the response of the blocks to pressure changes in fractures surrounding them. Analysis of these processes on mathematical models has determined that at a certain combination of the flow kinetic parameters a differentiation of pressure distribution in blocks and large fractures occurred. As a result, in filtering of poorly compressible fluids a pressure disi...

This paper is devoted to geological and geophysical exploration of Sarband graphite deposits in Markazi province of Iran includes Khanadarreh Bala and Vesmestan deposits. Geological methods include trenching and drilling test pits and exploratory holes, sampling and analyzing with XRD and chemical analysis. This method show that Khanadarreh Bala deposits has purer graphite than Vesmestan and hosted in schistisited rocks and has higher continuity than Vesmestan deposit. Geophysical methods include SP ,mise-a-la-mas...

Laboratory investigations on zinc ions removal from model solution in a column with fixed bed zeolite clinoptilolite were conducted. Experimental dynamic curves for sorption depending on the bed height of zeolite and velocity of treated solution were received. The main constant parameters characterizing the process at breakthrough were defined. It was established that the bed column volumes of solution and the capacity at breakthrough increase with increasing of contact time, whereas sorbent usage rate decreases. ...

The elimination of finely emulsified oil from waste waters is an important problem, and so far, no satisfactory solution thereto is available worldwide. Here we report some of the results from our studies on the purification of water from different types of oil, to allow waste water re-use in the technological cycle, or use for agricultural irrigation. The isolation of oil is performed by treatment of waste water with polymers of specific adsorption behaviour and solubilizing properties in aqueous medium. Multiblo...

The studied area is 1960 km2 and located in Zanjan province and is placed between 48Вє, 48Вґ to 49Вє, 30Вґ east longitude and 35 Вє, 57Вґ to 36Вє, 36Вґnorth latitude. Human pollutants are mainly home and human sewage which is discharged by absorbent wells that seems to be one of the best ways of discharging sewage. On the other hand in the places where the underground water recharge the river, there is a possibility of having some environmental problems in the nearly future.Presently, the amounts of BOD5 and COD a...

Jurassic brown coal layers of the Kansk-Achinsk basin are the actual source for thermal power stations of West Siberia. The thick (up to 70 m) coal layers lay almost horizontally. Typical unaltered coal is low in trace elements and has, correspondingly, a low radioactivity. However, coal in the uppermost part of the thick dense layers is most often altered to become friable and acquire unusually high contents of some trace elements including natural radioactive ones. Brown coal samples from open-cut mines and natu...

The Varna lake is connected with Varna bay (situated in the north – west part of the Black Sea with two channels).The lake has a strategic role in the economy of Varna city. This determine the interest and necessity from investigation of changes in it hydrological and hydrobiological conditions. The variations of this parameters in the lake ecosystems is provoke from antropogenical influence ( particulary the effect of heat pollution from coastal electric power stations). During the last 10 years, thermo-electri...

The main principles and methods of interactive education are discussed. The requirements to this approach of educational process are formulated. The differences between practical training and learning process are discussed. Based on these principles there are shown the examples for deductive education on processing stages in digital image processing and digital photogrammetry. Main attention is pointed to the initial data collection for purposes of inner orientation, image calibration and relative orientation of s...

Low concentration of chlorinated aliphatic compounds may be found in wastewater and contaminated soils from different industrial sources and in the air arisen from these type sources. Low levels of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOC)’s could be removed by adsorption, incineration or biofiltration methods. These methods have some disadvantages with low removal efficiency or high operation cost. Chlorine has been removed from the chlorinated aliphatic compounds by biological methods at anaerobic conditions. The aim o...

This paper deals with the removal of copper from Municipal Solid Waste (MSW) compost using Na2EDTA and a mixture of Na2S2O5 and Na2EDTA in the batch mode. At the end of extraction studies, for 3 hours at 1:25 solid:liquid ratio by using 0.05 M Na2EDTA, 100\% removal yield was obtained for Cu. 100\% heavy metal removal yield was obtained with 0.01 M Na2EDTA and 0.1 M Na2S2O5, at 1:6 solid:liquid ratio, for Cu in this study.

Problem about the directions for improving the healthy and safe work conditions during the execution of explosion duties is put into attention in this article. It is about the assessment for the enabled risks during operation with the explosion duties and the necessity of using some precautions and actions for averting, decreasing, and limiting their existence or inventing a protection towards them.

The world’s 65\% or 70\% oil reserves are concentrated sedimentary basins in the Gulf States (Saudi Arabia, Iran, Iraq, Kuwait, UAE and Qatar) of the Middle East. Gulf States producers accounted for 24.7 \% of the world oil supply in 2005 and this share of supply will grow to 51,8 \% in 2030. However, the Middle East has a multitude of oil exploration and production problems closely interlinked to each other and originating from regimes problems, market problems, technology and know-how transfer obstacles. Oil s...

In the region of Botanical Garden, BAS, Sofia, gravimetry measurements for research of the landslide processes with static gravimeter LaCoste \& Romberg G1059 are made in two epochs - 2003 and 2005. In the present paper the method of measuring, processing and analysis of the results is presented. Digital models of Bouguer anomaly, direction of gradient on Bouguer anomaly and 3D presentation of surfaces of Bouguer anomaly between two epochs are made. Conclusions about the landslide state are drawn on the basis of t...

Noise is defined as unwanted sound and one of the threatening factors for human health. Noise effects on human health psychological, physiological and mentally such as interference with communication, hearing loss, sleep disturbance, stress, annoyance, effects on performance. Road traffic is one of the most important noise sources in residental areas. Subsource of the road noise are engine noise, tyre/road noise and aerodynamic noise. The level of noise from traffic is correlated with the traffic flow rate, the sp...

This paper present a geophysical investigation performed for the Bakhtiary dam site in Iran. As it has been designed with 330 meter high, this dam would be the highest dam in the world. In the context of engineering seismology, seismic tomography may be relevant in problems where seismic refraction is currently used. Both of these techniques aim to detect subsurface velocity. In Bakhtiary dam site we used seismic refraction, tomography and borehole seismic tomography methods. For refraction seismic method Geotomo ...

Mine design is dependent upon two categories of data as layout and operations. Layout data are related mainly with the geomechanical and geometrical properties of ore and rock masses. This group of data has an effect to define the geometrical variables of the layout and the operating characteristics of the possible system. Mine design processes suffer mainly from obtaining reliable and adequate data. Operational research methods have been extensively assisted by design engineers to overcome the difficulties relate...

The presented results are from two successive periods of conventional and GPS observations of the crest of Pancharevo dam. The two different kinds of observations are processed separately. The comparison of the final results is shown.

Surface faulting and distribution of surface deformation caused by the Chirpan (M6.8) and Plovdiv (M7.0) earthquakes that occurred on 14 and 18 April 1928, respectively, were used with the scope to determine the distribution of slip and confirm the fault geometry. We assumed smooth fault geometry, based on previous studies, and a standard dislocation model. The faulting zone comprises several fault segments with different slip on each of them. For structurally complex areas like our study area the best model may b...

The method for exploiting the coal layers by using the crazing and submitting the roofs of the mining works from the underground is an alternative applied on large scale into the brown coal mines from the main coal basin Jiu Valley situated into the S-W of Romania. The technology of individual supporting – by using the open circulation hydraulic props together with the linked metallic bars with blocking bolts and wedges, assume some great physical efforts and the factor of working security is not totally assured...

The destructive economic processes in the extraction of minerals and ores, and the global climate change may cause landslide expansion in the area of the abandoned open mines. The landslides are hazardous for the nearby settlements and road infrastructure. The legislative and regulatory documents lag behind the requirements of the practice of protection of sliding terrains along the ridges of the abandoned open mines. In order to solve the problem, the regulations related to landslide protection should be updated ...

The principal disturbances created by blasting in open pit mines can be listed as ground vibrations, air blast and fly rock. All of them can, under some circumstances, cause damage to structures nearby, and can become the source of permanent conflict with the inhabitants living close to the operation site. Therefore, the prediction of ground vibration components is of great importance for the minimization of the environmental complaints. This paper presents the result of ground vibration measurements induced by be...

The ultramafic rocks around Kizildag have very important economic reserves of chromite and olivine. The ultramafic rocks are mainly composed of dunites and in lesser amount diabases. The dunites are mainly made of forsteritic olivine which is about 90 \% of the rock mass. The chemical composition of the rock is as follows: MgO 52.25 \%, SiO2 37.5 \% and Fe2O3 8.3 \%. These mineralogical and chemical characteristics are met the need of iron-steel and refractory industry. The olivine deposits of Kizildag with 9 bill...

We took into consideration aspects regarding the physiology at two species of wooden angiosperms cultivated in sites from industrial area of Borzesti, Bacau District: Populus tremula L. and Tilia tomentosa Moench., during their ontogenetic cycle. We also talked about aspects related to some special biochemical and physiological parameters (dry matter content and assimilating pigments content). The researches of vegetal physiology have used classical methods of investigation. The negative influence of air pollutant...

In this paper a total of seven samples (a river sediment, two surface soil samples, and four surrounding rocks) from the Pangaion area, Northern Greece, were collected and analyzed for their content in 10 major (Al, Ca, Cl, Fe, K, Mg, Na, P, S, and Si) and 32 trace elements (Ag, As, B, Ba, Cd, Ce, Co, Cr, Cs, Cu, Ga, Ge, Hg, La, Li, Mn, Mo, Ni, Pb, Rb, Sb, Se, Sn, Sr, Th, Ti, U, V, W, Y, Zn, and Zr). The sampling was based on the major geomorphological processes of the area. The two soil samples are typical of the...

The North-Western Bohemia region takes a unique position in the history of mining in the Czech Republic. Several ore districts are situated here, the welfare of which influenced the development of the Czech state in some periods. Some precious stones mining was also significant. Today the North-Bohemian Basin area is known for its largest Czech brown coal deposit. Whereas ore mining in the region extinguished and the other raw materials mining has relatively small significance, coal mining and the restoration of d...

In the condition that drilling and blasting technique is inevitable depending on the rock mass and material characteristics on mining activities, the fragmentation rate and particle size distribution of the muckpile after blasting has important influences on the performance of subsequent mining activities such as loading, hauling, crushing, grinding etc. and the total costs of that mine. Drilling and blasting is an important step in this process chain and it’s results such as fragmentation, muckpile shape and lo...

In this study, the amenability of Akoluk (Ordu -Turkey) ore to the extraction of gold and silver by cyanide leaching was investigated. Mineralogical analysis of the ore has revealed the presence of native gold and a variety of minerals including barite, zinkenite, stibnite, orpiment, realgar, cinnober, pyrite and sphalerite. No silver was detectable under microscope suggesting that it could be present as occluded in minerals such as fahlerz, antimonite and zinkenite. Gold particles as 1-88 $\mu$m in size were obse...

In our days more and more people focus they attention towards the problems of environment and the living conditions since the Earth is a very rich reservoir of natural resources which ensure life. Around the world people demonstrate for and demand that the substances which destroy the environment shouldn’t be used anymore. It is well known fact that the territory of the Danube Delta Biosphere Reservation is permanently subjected to a large quantity of domestic waste resulting from the activities of exploitation ...

Each of the spatial methods provides data in a different and a unique way for the three main geodetic directions: geometry of the Earth – coordinates of points and deformation; orientation and rotation of the Earth; gravity field as well as its variations. One of these methods, which is the most accurate and hopeful nowadays, is the Very Long Baseline Interferometry. In this paper it is gone into the technique of VLBI and its applications, mainly in geodesy and geodynamics. It is made an analysis of the motion o...

The concept of constructing the industrial wastes storage in the rooms after salt mining in the „Polkowice-Sieroszowice” mine, which is currently considered by KGHM POLSKA MIEDZ S.A., would allow for disposing about 50 000 tons of wastes per year. These wastes are arduous for the environment and at present there are not other methods of their utilization than just storing them in the surface waste management facilities. These wastes have physical, chemical and toxic properties allowing to store them undergroun...

The changes of hydro-climatic characteristics have effect on surrounding. The problems in the river Bregalnica basin (Eastern part of the Republic of Macedonia) are the result of abundant rainfalls and long drought periods. Observing and understanding the hydro-climatic effects may provide good estimate in several fields (agriculture, management of water resources and civil engineering). Visualization of data on the hydro-climatic changes in the river basin provides a good forecast. Time Series of rainfalls and te...

A comparative study of the content of five macro- and about fifty micro- and trace elements in fly ashes from six coal-burning power plants in Bulgaria is carried out by means of a combination of Chemical Analysis, AAS, X-Ray Luminescence and X-Ray Fluorescence EDA. The elements’ distribution among and within single particles is investigated on the base of the comparison of data from bulk analysis, micro-analysis, and the results from acid leaching tests using 0.1M HNO3. It is established that many heavy metals ...

Multivariate analysis is one of the base stage in heavy geochemical prospecting (heavy mineral study). Factor and clustering analysis identify different type of mineralization and the relation between minerals in studied area. But in these methods for each mineral it is necessary to be at least 10 valid samples. Therefore some minerals can’t be analyzed by such methods and we miss some minerals in multivariate analysis and can’t identify the relation between these minerals and others. Jaccard coefficient can b...

Using static and dynamic structures compares the possibilities for a short record of large matrices by using static and dynamic structures. The algorithms for solving linear systems and the ways for short record of the matrices used in them are observed. Special ways for presenting matrices as packages and the efficiency of the algorithms when realized with the help of dynamic and static structures are described. Examples of realized program systems are shown when analyzing geodesic data.