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According to the mineral compositions, paragenesis, relationships and the fluid inclusion microthermometry two stages of skarn alteration within the Rize pluton area have been identified. The first stage (stage I) was characterized by the Spurrite, vesuviavite, wollastonite, magnetite, pyroxene, gehlenite and garnet assemblages at high temperatures ( 750 oC). The second stage (II) occurred at lower temperature ( 500 oC) when the system collapsed, and is characterised by tremolite, low temperature vesuvianite, rust...

For increasing the endurance of bucket wheel excavators’ teeth dipper, used in brown coal open pits from Oltenia, were made theoretic researches and experiments finalized with the accomplishment of new dippers and teeth more reliable and more cheeper, which are used according to mechanic characteristics of brown coal and dead-ground from the working faces.

The idea of underground coal gasification is connected with the name of Mendeleev 120 years ago. But its practical realization starts during the 30th years of the previous century and continues up to now. There is not any technical or technological problem to perform gasification as a method of processing hard household wastes. In combination with recycling of part of the wastes and utilization of gaseous products of gasification for energy production, this method could be very effective and attractive. If we supp...

Temporary rail ways in open cast mines influence by the accepted speed for the trains. They have influence on the most important indicator of heavy mining mechanization – the productivity of excavators – stope and mounding. This problem has been always underestimated because a priori has been accepted the dependence between the accepted speed and productivity. This research proves another type of functional dependence – fraction-lineal.

Mine backfill can be defined as the material or materials used for filling the underground openings created by the mining process in order to establish and retain safe working conditions. In this study, an overview of the current application of mining operations with paste backfill technology has been examined with a case study from an underground copper-zinc mine located in the northeast Turkey. Due to the elimination of the harmful mine tailings obtained from mill processing and hence the reduced rehabilitation ...

The influence of temporary rail ways over transporting ability through the mining railway net in open cast mines is researched. A functional relation between optimal speed of temporary ways and the transporting ability is found.

The Sabzevar ophiolite is a highly dismembered ophiolite complex located along the northern boundary of the Central Iranian Microcontinet (CIM) and is one of the internal groups of ophiolites and colored melange. The area has various lithological units that are the cause of Sabzevar colored melange zone. There are many chromite pods in the area but the high topography and mountainous condition and inability to trace the hidden lenses, many of them are not explored yet. A mathematical- genetic model could be helpfu...

The mine production is an inflex point of industry due to the fact that the work is conducted in an environment with abruptly changing parameters and at great depths, where the laws of physics are valid through their exceptions. Under these conditions, the main controlling factor is the mine-geological and technological information. Its management is the basis of the modern mine production.

The optimal numbers of runs of a train in open cast mine is one of the most important technical indicators, on which the work of rail transport in mines is evaluated. A functional dependence between the optimum number of runs of a train and the accepted speed on temporary rail ways in a mine is deduced.

All the specialists in open cast mines which are equipped with technological railway transport know that the transporting process has underlined optional character. This is based on several factors. One of them is the levels intensity of possibility of transportation process to be done without any exceptions. The report is on the principles, on which the levels of intensity can be defined.

Twelve of the numerous methodological problems are represented. They appear in the development of the automated systems for control of the mine works at open mines; if these problems are not reported the work of the system can be compromised partially of totally. Shortly those problems could be formulated as follows: 1.The mine is not considered like a system; 2.A management of the model; 3.Hierarchy of proposes and limitations; 4.The depot – a solution or a problem; 5.Attention: literally performance; 6.In prob...

Kestanbol granitoid, one of the post-collision granitoids outcropping in Northwestern Anatolia, takes place as a pluton in the southern of \cCanakkale that approximately N-S trending and within a great tectonic belt. This tectonic belt, named Sakarya Continent, is bordered with Intra Pontide Suture in the NorthAern part and Izmir-Ankara Suture in the Southern part. Kestanbol granitoid intruded into crustal meta-sedimentary rocks by hot-contact and it is surrounded by contact metamorphic aureole. Kestanbol granitoi...

During the last 20 years, the northern and central part of the Kat county has been affected by many landslides. Especially in very wet years many landslides of different volumes occurred. These mainly affected the rocks which are well known for being prone to slope movements of many types of sizes. The bedrocks of the study area are metabasalts and sedimentary series. These rocks are overlain by younger alluvium and debris materials. Monitoring during the last seven years has indicated that the slopes are still ac...

The Sar-Cheshmeh granodioritic stock, called “Sar Cheshmeh Porphyry”, is intruded into the Eocene andesitic rocks. This intrusion has caused potassic (biotitic) and propylitic alteration zones in peripheral rocks. Potassic alteration zone is overprinted by a phyllic alteration zone, which is occurred by heated meteoric waters that affected primary alteration zones. About half of the copper mineralization in Sar- Cheshmeh has occurred in potassically and phyllically altered andesitic rocks. In this paper, mass ...

Sar-Cheshmeh porphyry copper deposit, as the biggest copper mine in Iran is located in southwest of Kerman. This deposit is located in southern part of Orumieh – Dokhtar metallogenic belt, which is also the most important copper belt in Iran. The Sar-Cheshmeh granodioritic stock, called “Sar-Cheshmeh Porphyry” is intruded into the Eocene andesitic rocks. This intrusion has caused potassic (first mineralization episode) and phyllic alteration zones in lower levels due to ascending toward the lower temperature...

In this study, the geological features of the placers in the Aegean region of Turkey and possible processing options for the recovery of precious metals and industrial raw materials were examined. Industrial raw materials present in the placers and their potential for industrial uses were reviewed. A conceptual flow sheet for the production of a bulk concentrates to recover rutile, ilmenite, zircon, hematite, limonite, magnetite, cassiterite and gold contained in the placers concentrate was proposed. Quartz crysta...

The Raigan porphyry copper system is located in southeastern Iran (Kerman province), and is associated with diorite/granodiorite to quartz-monzonite of Miocene age that intruded Eocene volcano-sedimentary rocks. Copper mineralization was accompanied by mainly phyllic and lass potassic alteration. Field observations and petrographic studies demonstrate that emplacement of the Raigan stock took place in several intrusive pulses, each with associated hydrothermal activity. Molybdenum is not reported in any stage of h...

Detailed geological and drilling investigations have shown KayabaЕџД± deposit, located in Trabzon-Turkey, has a resource of 590 000 tons ore containing 2.2\% Cu and 1029 kg Au. The ore body shows the characteristics of both massive- and stockworktype sulfide mineralization. In this study, mineralogical analysis and flotation tests were performed to determine the degree of liberation of sulfides and the optimum grind time for the massive ore samples. Covellite and chalcocite were identified as the main copper miner...

In this study, the recovery of barite and silver from G\"um\"uЕџk\"oy Silver Plant (Turkey) tailings was investigated using Multi Gravity Separation and cyanidation methods. Approximately 20 million tons of tailings contain 20.62\% BaSO4, 51.15\% SiO2, 11.5\% CaCO3, 3.84\% Fe2O3, 4.76\% Al2O3 and 120 g/ton silver with a particle size of 70\% passing 37 $\mu$m have been disposed of to the tailings pond in G\"um\"uЕџk\"oy SilverPlant over the years. Multi Gravity Separator (MGS) produced a concentrate containing 65....

This paper summarises the results of the first phase of oil \& gas exploration of the B-Golitza Block. A revised geological framework will be presented, which puts the stratigraphy in a chronostratigraphic scheme, incorporating sequence stratigraphic architecture. Use of a chronostratigraphic framework for exploration of the block has enabled the exploration Play Elements to be identified and both their stratigraphic and aerial distribution to begin to be determined within an integrated methodology that incorporat...

The North part of Kashmar is located 250 Km South-west of Mashhad, Northeast of Iran. It is a part of Darouneh Fault zone and contains rhyolitic, andesitic pyroclastic and lava flow. The geometry of Kashmar strike-slip fault has been reviewed and described. From the data obtained it appears that fault geometry (the distribution of shear fractures such as R,R,ЩЋP surfaces, Riedel structures) plays an important role in controlling the location and emplacement of mineralization of gold and copper ore deposits. The Ri...

The trace elements in the main sulphide and sulphate minerals in coal were determined. Coals with different degree of coalification (ranging from lignite to subbituminous) from three important Bulgarian coal basins – Maritza East, Pernik and Balkan have been investigated. Heavy liquids and hand picking under a binocular stereomicroscope were applied to concentrate the sulphur-bearing minerals present in coal. Trace elements in them were detected by inductively coupled plasma – atomic emission spectroscopy (ICP...

One of fundamental dependence for estimation of metals ISL process effectiveness is working solution productivity function of block operation time. As a rule, that dependence is set by test at pilot site before the whole deposit exploitation. Other way to set that dependence consists of uranium ISL, kinetics known differential equations solving, which still does not give reliable results. The report offers experimental analytical method of that task - solution based just on one experimental dependence – uranium ...

The methane is a main component of the natural gas and combines the chemical inertia and physical mobility thus it is unusual ecological fuel. Natural gas is transported by gas pipeline and a lot of possibilities for it’s storage are offered. It’s a main precondition for the sustain energy supply. Analogy in gas and electricity supply system makes a trend to convergence in both sectors in energy. The report gives a model for Energy Transport System integrated a gas and electrical grid. This is condition for sa...

The Sar-Cheshmeh porphyry copper deposit is located in southeastern Iran and is associated with diorite/granodiorite to quartzmonzonite of Miocene age. Copper mineralization was accompanied with both phyllic and potassic alteration. Three main mineralization related alteration episodes (potassic, transition, and phyllic alterations) have been studied in terms of mass transfer and element mobility during the hydrothermal evolution of the Sar-Cheshmeh deposit. In order to illustrate these changes quantitatively, iso...

The methodological assessment of the geological phenomena (geotopes, geosites) is an important step in judging their geoconservation significance. The present Expert Card provides a tentative test for assessment based on 16 common criteria: aesthetic, scientific, research, educational, ecological, entertainment, ethnographic, social and spiritual values, sense of place, possibility for inclusion in geopark, sensitivity, degree of study, preservation, exposure and access. The first 7 criteria are considered importa...

A simple method for determination of bearing strength of weak floor strata in underground mines has been evaluated based on physical modeling approach, with regards to plate loading test conducted on simulated floor strata. This paper presents plate size effect on floor bearing strength of coal measures strata. Plate loading tests were carried out for varying size and shape of footing plates. The analysis was made for model scale footing. The load exerted by the plate on the floor strata was assumed to be uniforml...

The determination of the recoverable lignite layers requires the thorough knowledge of the lignite quality distribution in the site. The lignite quality is seriously affected by the inorganic impurities included either inside the lignite mass or/and in the thin intercalations coexcavated with lignite. The present study deals with the distribution of the lignite quality in the Southern Field Mine lignite deposit giving special attention to the energy content, the ash content and the CO2 content. Specific equations ...

About two decades ago, in the land field of Orisovo village, situated on the west side of the town of Chirpan, by means of probes with depth over 280 to 380m, Eocenic Red Clays with big concentration of iron were found. Their thickness is more than 200 – 250m, and their padding, with depth over 600m is not reached. The base clay mineral is ilit. The process of sedimentation took place in considerably small but deep ancient lake by almost desert climate, in the middle of Eocene.

At present, production activities in Can lignite basin, which is belonging to Turkish Coal Enterprise (TKE) are run for domestic purposes. Apart from domestic and industrial consumption, it is also possible to evaluate the Can Lignite Reserve at power plant for meeting energy demand. The aim of this study consists of production planning, mine design and make mine planning activities more efficient, more economic and minimize environmental problems. Involving in this project, Authors have investigated available dri...

After exhausting of the vein ores of ore zone No 1, the detecting of metasomatic ore beds in the eastern part of Eniovche deposit has prolonged the ore`s life. The analysis of the geologicstructural situation places in the first place lytological and structural factories for localization of the metasomatic ore bodies. The lytological factor is predetermined by the presence of marbles and amphybolites. Its role is additionally increased by the scarn processes , creating much better conditions for metasomatic replac...

Deforming processes in areas of geologic failures (tectonic faults, boundary zones of block structures etc.) have the singularities in comparison with those, flowing past on "quiet" sites of rock masses. The intensive assimilation of underground space in most cases reduces in a modification of structural organization of a mining massif. In turn development of new structures or "revival" old is accompanied by adjustments on growing or available faults and is exhibited as strains of a surface and seismic pushes (in ...

The distribution of the different forms of sulfur in the coal has been worked out. The goal of the present investigation was to fine out some distribution pattern of sulfur in this basin and to define the areas with high sulfur content.