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People have always used metals and minerals and products made from or with minerals in a nearly infinite number of ways. With the increase in population and real per capita income, the demand for mineral commodities is likely to rise in the future.Mineral Processing in the mining industry can be defined as the economic recovery of a valuable commodity from a mineral deposit. Mineral processing operations produce significant amounts of solid and liquid wastes. As the quality of mineral deposits diminishes, raw mate...

The activities in mine factories are unthinkable without a process of earth mass transportation. The expenses for the transport and related to it additional works (repairs, road construction, etc.) reaches to 40-50\% from general expenses for production of one ton of useful minerals. For the adequate esteem of the efficiency of the motor transport the directions of the objects periodically have to decide the problem with its rational use. The real loading of the tip-lorries could be used as many indicator. This in...

In this work the main goal is to design and develop a expert system, with special focus on water management and quality. It is remarkable the high quantity of information and knowledge patterns implicit in large databases coming from the monitoring of any system or dynamical environmental process. For instance, historical data collected about meteorological phenomena in a certain area, about the performance of a wastewater treatment plant, about characterizing environmental emergencies (toxic substances wasting). ...

Considering the benefits of intensive agriculture in our time and the negative impact of chemical fertilizers and pesticides against the environment, usage of PGPR (plant growthpromoting rhizobacteria) like biofertilizers is one of the most promising biotechnology used for growing the primary production with less quantity of chemical fertilizers. The usage of PGPR may be an alternative to organic fertilizers and can reduce the pollution and preserve the environment in the spirit of practicing an ecological agricul...

“The Black Sea Coastal Way Rehabilitation Project” which started seven years ago in order to relief in traffic flow in the Eastern Black Sea Region of Turkey and presently continues to complete their constructions. The project involves the rehabilitation and shortening of the present motorway and hence the construction of new tunnels and riprap material for filling the sea are required in some places. This paper involves one of the blast based tunnel excavations, which is performed for “Yoroz Tunnel” situa...

The paper presents the present state in Romania of the environment from the point of view of the air quality and of the water quality. The policy of the European Union regarding the environment as it is reflected in the Treaty of the European Community focuses on a durable development by including the environment protection in the communitarian district policies In order to fulfill these objective high quality standards for the environment should be imposed. There should also be observed some principles such as вЂ...

The basic geodesic activities in the preparation of the Project “Reconstruction and Electrification of the Railway Line Plovdiv – Svilengrad – Greek/Turkish Border” have been described. The problems in the development of the working geodesic base, creation of a three-dimensional model, cadastral map, and the detailed structural layouts of the territory in question have been discussed. Specific attention has been paid to the procedures in changing the purpose of the agricultural and forestry territories and...

The methods and compose geodesic Database from creating available structures are discus. The describe methods and realization structures and them programs decision are defined. The examples at resalable program systems for menage and analyses geodesic database are showing.

Existing conditions, aims and tasks of investigation and geodetic methods is described. Obtained displacements for the period 1966-2004 are analyzed. Corresponding conclusions are drawn.

In this paper it is presented the basically geodetic methods for defining and following of land movements and land slide. The classic geodetic method anticipates defining of horizontal and vertical deformation in some points buried in the body of land slide. The deformation is defining with precision angular and linear measurements and with precision leveling from stabile points of primary geodetic nets (the microtrigonometric and the level net). The terrestrial photogrametry is used in the defining deformation of...

Choghart iron ore deposit is located 13 kilometers northeast of Bafq and 120 kilometers east of Yazd. In order to model the deposit and estimate its reserve, 331 input data gained from 125 boreholes were used. Iron grade was selected as the major regional variable on which the present research has focused. All of the available data were changed to two-meter composites so that statistical equalization could be reached. Studies indicated that Fe input data had single - population characteristics and obeyed a natural...

A hydrochemical study is conducted in the Faria basin / NE of the West Bank to define water types and to determine hydrochemical parameters of the aquifer system. More than 150 water samples were analysed, which covered all springs and wells. The physical and chemical properties were determined. The major cations Ca2+, Mg2+, Na+ and K+ and the major anions HCO3-, Cl-, SO42- and NO3- were analysed. The minor constituents of SiO2, F-, Br- and PO43- and the trace elements Cu, Cd, Fe, Mn, Cr, Zn and Pb were determined...

When working on a GIS project or developing a Web application an alternative and cost-effective way to distribute these data to users is to use ArcWeb Services. It is a delivery system, which reduces costs of spatial data maintenance and data storage and enables easy access to up-to-date data. The paper describes the setting up of an interactive map server of Slovenian geological spatial data using ArcIMS implementation (ESRI program package). In the last decade numerous geological data of more than 40 different g...

This paper presents investigation of the environmental effects of ground vibration and air blast induced by blasting in various quarries located at Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. Within the scope of this study, scaled distance components have been recorded for two shots at the BeЕџparmak Company, two shots at the G\"urdaДџ Company, one shot at the Levent Mosaic Company and one shot at the ArpalД±klД± Company, totally 6 shots at different times. And also, ground vibrations and air blasts produced by these sho...

After a period of more than four decades of centralized management, Romania has decided to return to local autonomy principle, in this way transferring major and concrete responsibilities to the local administration. Currently 17 municipalities, each with more than 150.000 inhabitants, have benefited from capital investment programs financed mainly by EU and IFI for rehabilitation of their water and wastewater infrastructure. In Romania, out of 263 urban localities, around 230 are considered small and medium-sized...

Landslide Hazard Zonation (LHZ) is a method to evaluate the risk where there is the potential for landslides. Therefore, many terrain factors affecting the landslides have been exposed firstly. The factors contributing to the hazard in an area can usually be identified, results of the investigations frequently being presented as a landslide hazard zonation map indicating zones of similar risk of the occurrence of a landslide. North railway track is one of the areas susceptible to landslides in Iran, consist of sev...

Landslides have a large quantity of the natural disasters world-wide, this trend will increase in the future due to increased urbanization and development. The creation of maps of susceptibility, danger and risk is very important for engineering geologists, geomorphologists and city planners. Although several techniques are available for landslide risk investigation, reliable susceptibility mapping of landslides is very difficult due to their complex nature. Techniques for susceptibility mapping such as; determini...

A bottom ash and a fly ash sample from Unit 1 of the Agios Dimitrios Power Plant, Northern Greece, were subjected to a one stage leaching procedure (Synthetic Groundwater Leaching Procedure – SGLP). The lignite burned in it derives from the Southern Field Mine from the Lignite Centre of Western Macedonia. The Relative Mass Leached (RML) for ten major (Al, P, Ca, Mg, K, Fe, Na, Si, S and Ti) and forty eight trace elements (Li, Be, B, V, Cr, Mn, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Ag, Cd, Sn, Sb...

Designing and building a geological server is a very important and responsible task. The successful implementation of that task is based on the right selection of Internet technologies, middle-tier scalable server, map server and a proper platform. Making all these technologies to work as one in a perfect synchronization will be a serious proof that we have one modern Geological server.

The forest ecological systems in middle Siberia play an important role in supporting the structural carbon balance and the balance of mineral materials. These ecological systems are able to significantly self-regulate and establish a balance of substance circulation in the environment. This is particularly important in conditions of serious anthropogenic forest disturbances in the south of mid-Siberia. In a number of areas of the Angara-Yenisei region, including pine forests in regional oil bad in Covicta, intensi...

The influence of temporary rail ways over transporting ability through the mining railway net in open cast mines is researched. A functional relation between optimal speed of temporary ways and the transporting ability is found.

As it is well known, the process of extracting from the underground the reserves of useful mineral substances by using mechanical methods had been extended mainly regarding the energetic coal a series of countries in the period of 1970 ? 1990, that generated many actions of conception and manufacturing of some specific equipments being remarked mainly Germany, England, Poland, ex - countries of Soviet Union, etc. The main idea consists in choosing and correlating dimensionally, capacitive and functionally some com...

This paper presents the results from the study of heavy metals contamination of paddy soil of the Ko\vcani Field (Eastern Macedonia), an area with extensive agricultural production. The soil of the Ko\vcani Field is supposed to be polluted by heavy metals due to mining activities and acid mine drainage from Zletovo-Kratovo and Sasa-Toranica ore districts. This was supposed by the fact that acid mine drainage and direct input of Zletovo Pb-Zn mine effluents of pH 3.4 with mean Pb concentrations of 66 mg l-1, Zn at ...

Designing and building a geological server is a very important and responsible task. The successful implementation of that task is based on the right selection of Internet technologies, middle-tier scalable server, map server and a proper platform. Making all these technologies to work as one in a perfect synchronization will be a serious proof that we have one modern Geological server.

A review and analysis of the different methods used for processing of geodetic data, depending on the applications is made. Here is considered Least - squares estimation method, dispersion analysis, spectral analysis, and filtering and is made an analysis of their effectiveness in using for different geodetic problems (applications). We made suggestions for methods using in common processing of different types of data.

Which is the rigth place of the Mine-Geological information technologies where there are most applicable? The correct answer is – everywhere, to every mine engineering works and production activities. Creating a correct geological model, deposit modeling, management of the everyday extractin or beforehand simulations for recultivation, etc. – all these new technologies and way of working are based on one modern principle.

The optimization of the coal winning process using different mechanical and alternative cutting techniques using appropried mathematical models is an up to date reserch methodology. In the paper, two kind of such models are presented, first using deterministic analytical relations evaluated by numerical calculus, and the second using Monte-Carlo simulation of the process using experimentally obtained test data to generate random values of intrinsic rock parameters and logic diagram for the functional connections b...

Social structure has been changed by developments in Science and Technology. Encountered problems on community which organized level being high, solution of problems of qualities and quantities have been different. Using computer being widespread in production and developments in communication technology solved many problems which to suppose his solutions is impossible but at this time, they created new complex problems that to concern about topics of specialization and occupation [SelimoДџlu, 2004]. Modern manage...

In this material offers mechanical model that builds on the basic technological characteristics of the system rock – frictional pipe anchor bold (FPA). In the presentation, the anchor is divided on the modeling elements. Their size is determined from the physical model that describes combined anchor-rock system work. Key words: mechanical model, system anchor-rock, stress field

Hydrogeological investigations of groundwater are based on large amount of qualitative and quantitative data which demands a complex approach to modeling and organizing information into some logical data model, useful on local, regional and national level. For that purpose at Geological survey of Slovenia we established a Database of hydrogeolocial data to define groundwater bodies of Slovenia in which all significant data of groundwater bodies, aquifers and hydrogeological objects are available.The main objective...

In this work in terms of the ideas of the zone of inelastic deformations generated around stress concentrators in heterogeneous rock mass as a quasi-plastic block medium having a microstructure, rigorous criteria of rock mass stability are obtained that naturally take into account mining-geological and geomechanical conditions. Theoretical ideas added to the problems of underground structure stability permitted to provide an explanation for paradoxical, in the view of classical representations, numerous cases of m...

A modification of the conventional adjustment model is proposed. Like this, the velocity of the drift is introduced as an additional unknown quantity. An argument about the priorities of the suggested approach, in comparison with the used at present methods for gravimetric measurements processing is done. The possibilities which the new adjustment model provide for an optimization of the whole measurements program in a gravimetric network are analyzed.

An ongoing geologic and geophysical investigation in the deep-water Black Sea, offshore Bulgaria reveals conditions suitable for hydrocarbon accumulations with giant field size potential. This potential lies within the buried offshore extension of the Paleogene Balkanide fold belt and its adjacent Eocene-Oligocene foreland basin, in water depths of 500-1,700 meters. With the benefit of onshore geologic studies and new offshore seismic acquisition and processing, it is possible to recognize and evaluate the basic e...

Mass-produced digital photographic cameras are not designed for measurement purposes. Their resolution, measured in degrees is 1-2’ and is one step behind photogrammetric cameras. The main purposes of photogrammetric processing of amateur digital photographs are determination of the elements of internal orientation and uncovering the deformation of the acquired images. Three different ways of determination the elements of internal orientation are analyzed. The theoretical aspects of the mathematical methods for ...

In this study, diagnostic leaching and ultrafine grinding as pretreatment step ahead of two-stage cyanidation of KaletaЕџ ore were studied to shed light on the refractory characteristics of ore. The overall gold extraction of 93\% was achieved in two-stage cyanidation of ultrafinely ground ore suggesting the presence of readily recoverable gold (74\%) and slowly reacting gold (19\%) in the ore. Diagnostic leaching approach provided information into the cause of the refractoriness of the ore. The findings of diagno...

The paper makes a general presentation of the firedamp resources of the world and the exploiting methods used before, during and after mining activitites. The evaluation of firedamp quantities from the coal bed in exploitation at active mines in Jiu Valley Outgas systems in exploitation at mining units in Jiu Valley and the monitoring of firedamp emissions from these mines Solutions to recovery the firedamp from closing mines Firedamp marketplace – energetic resource for the future.

Results from students’ education in subject “Explosions in Industry” are noted in the protocol. It is towards sector “Education of Bulgarian Citizens” to the Complex Center for Education and Qualification of MGU “St. Ivan Rilski”. There is a short analysis for study plans, programs, way of taking certificate for work with explosives and there are some offers for improving the education quality.

The intensified landslide activity in the last decade is due to two factors –lagging behind of the legislation for strengthening, and the reduced control on design and construction. In the paper, this subject is supported by investigations and examples from practice. In result, specific changes are suggested in the legislation for geo-protective construction in landslide areas, as well as measures for strengthening of the technological control in the design and realization of the strengthening activities.

This paper aims to proof the concept of remote control of sensors, for automated monitoring of ecological processes. Using National Instrument LabVIEW framework, we realized an application that monitor/command using the same server, different ecological processes.

The problems for the protection of the environment from various pollutants are considered worldwide as fundamental for mankind. A large number of people are nowadays exposed to the different pollutions in waste and potable water. The pollutions have a harmful effect on the biological system. Some regions in Bulgaria and Turkey have serious problems with water contaminated with metal ions. The heavy metals (Hg, As, Cd, Mn, etc.) have a harmful effect on human physiology and other biological system when they are fou...

The paper describes using wastes from power industry for filling the open pits. It presents the types of post-mining open pits which require filling and reclamation. The methods of using combustion by-products which come from commercial power stations and thermal-electric power stations are presented in the paper. The types of combustion byproducts, their origin, amount and features are discussed. The significant differences between parameters of ashes from brown coal and hard coal are underlined. The properties o...

The aim of this investigation is to determine the adsorption behavior of chromium (VI) on Tuncbilek activated carbon sample. The effects of the Cr concentration (25-100 ppm), temperature (297-325 K) and pH (2.5-9.8) on adsorption were investigated systematically. It was found that the effectiveness sequence of the parameters was initial Cr(VI) concentration, temperature and pH. Increasing the pH from 2.5 to 9.8 causes a decrease in adsorption. But it is obvious that adsorption was increased by increasing the initi...

The North-Bohemian Basin area is known for its largest Czech brown coal deposit. About 50\% brown coal reserves have been exploited in the North-Bohemian Basin by the mining company of Severoceske doly, a.s. (North Bohemian Mines) today. The opencast mining of brown coal naturally led to vast landscape damages. Therefore reclamation work has acquired great significance. The specific feature of Severoceske doly, a.s. mining is the fact that the mining has been realized in two geologically absolutely different local...

The current, accurate and complete geoinformation takes important place in the risk assessment and management. Different risks – natural, technological, terroristic and the extent of their importance are analyzed in the paper. The geoinformation sources and geoinformation users, collecting, training, maintenance and data integrating for risk places are shown. The main stages in the risks management and possible strategies for risk assessment and management using GIS are discussed.

The Sabzevar complex ophiolite including igneous rocks consist of peridotites (lherzolite, dunite and harzburgite), serpentinite, gabbros and a volcanic sequence composed of basalts, andesites, rhyolites and basanites. Based on petrographic observations and geochemical analyses of incompatible trace and rare earth elements, three different types of extrusive rocks have been classified. a: Initial molten originated N-MORB-like basalts, which formed after a LREE depleted magmas, and are petrogenetically related to t...

This paper presents the results of an assessment of the earthquake hazard for the Qom province, based on seismotectonic conditions, regional earthquake data and seismicity analyses. The active faults and potential seismic sources of the region are identified and illustrated in a seismotectonic map. A model of earthquake sources has been prepared. The appropriate acceleration attenuation laws are selected and earthquake hazard analysis has been done for the province using an analysis point interval scale of 0.1*0.1...

According to the mineral compositions, paragenesis, relationships and the fluid inclusion microthermometry two stages of skarn alteration within the Rize pluton area have been identified. The first stage (stage I) was characterized by the Spurrite, vesuviavite, wollastonite, magnetite, pyroxene, gehlenite and garnet assemblages at high temperatures ( 750 oC). The second stage (II) occurred at lower temperature ( 500 oC) when the system collapsed, and is characterised by tremolite, low temperature vesuvianite, rust...

It is presented in the paper two approaches for geographic data storage and maintenance in Relation data base management system (RDBMS). The methods for data indexing and organization of data storage in DB are discussed as follows: Creating of spatial index on the basis of Quad-tree, applied in the ORACLE 8i module - ORACLE Spatial; Creating of spatial index on the basis of R-tree or rectangle grid coverage over the map with spatial data applied in ORACLE Spatial and ESRI SDE (Spatial Database Engine). The discuss...

The investigations made by us about the micromorphology of the foliar surfaces of two species of gymnosperms in the industrial areas Bicaz and TaЕџca (the NeamЕЈ District, Romania). The investigations of electronic microscopy (S.E.M.) made up at the level of necrotic and/or chlorosis surfaces (top, middle, basis) of the acicular leaves of Pinus sylvestris and Pinus nigra showed changes of the cuticular surface, their contortion, caused by the total disappearance of the parallelism between the cuticular prints, the...

Bulgaria occupies a unique position in south-east Europe in terms of river basin management and control because contamination from metal extraction and processing industries not only has a potential significant trans-border impact but also affects both the Mediterranean and Black Seas. However, to date, no whole basin source to sink study of metal contamination has yet been conducted in the country. This paper begins to address this issue by presenting preliminary results from a survey conducted in August 2004 of ...